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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>Dear List:</FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">I’ll second Professor Grayson’s post on John Ross and <I>Hananim,</I> and cite the following passage from Ross’s article entitled “Corean New Testament,” published in <I>Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal</I> (November-December 1883): </P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt">“It is now about then years since I wrote my first article to the <I>Recorder</I> giving an account of my first contact with Coreans at the village called the ‘Corean Gate’ . . . One of the most important matters to be decided in every translation of the Scriptures is the names of the Deity and of spiritual subjects; with most of these we had little trouble.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Neither of the terms employed in China for ‘God’ is admissible in Corean.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The term [<I>sangje</I> in Chinese characters] in Corean <I>Shang-de</I>, is known in its classical sense to scholars only, to others not at all, as Taoism, which has adopted it in China, has no following in Corea.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The term [<I>sin</I>], in Corean <I>Shin</I>, is never used alone and when employed it is invariably as in the Chinese classics [<I>kwisin</I>], pronounced <I>gooi-shin</I>, this order of the two terms being constant, and as in China, they are the counterpart of the <I>lares</I> and <I>penates</I> of the Romans.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Hence both terms were inappropriate for our purpose.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>In the Corean-French Dictionary I discovered that the Roman Catholics have transliterated their Chinese terms, among other [<I>ch’ŏnju</I>] <I>tiun-joo</I>.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Years, however, before the appearance of that dictionary I had adopted the name in universal use in Corea, nor have I ever met a shadow of objection against it.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Strange to say it is the native Corean for the Roman Catholic term.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The Corean for ‘heaven’ is <I>hanal</I>, for ‘lord’ or ‘prince’ <I>nim, </I>originally Chinese; and <I>Hananim</I> is the term by which Coreans everywhere acknowledge the Ruler above and the supreme on earth.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>This term I have tested in every way with Coreans and my conviction is that the introduction of a foreign term would be a serious mistake.”</P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">At the very least, this evidence refutes Gari Ledyard’s speculation that <I>Hananim </I>was invented by either Protestants or Tonghaks. It should also be noted that the <I>Ch’ŏnju </I>that the Tonghaks/Ch’ŏndokyoists believed in was not a transcendent monotheistic God, in that Tonghaks held this deity and humans to be of the same essence, as attested by their famous doctrine <I>innaech’ŏn</I>.</SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>Best Regards,</FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>Timothy S. Lee</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>Brite Divinity School (TCU)</FONT></P></BODY></HTML>