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--></style><title>KSR 2004-15: _Min Yông-hwan: A Political
Biography_, b</title></head><body>
<div><font color="#000000"><i>_</i>Min Yông-hwan: A Political
Biography_, by Michael Finch. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press,
2002. xii + 256 pages. (ISBN 0-8248-2520-9 cloth)</font><br>
</div>
<div><br></div>
<div>reviewed by Anders Karlsson</div>
<div><font color="#000000">SOAS, University of London</font></div>
<div><font color="#000000">ak49@sas.ac.uk</font></div>
<div><br></div>
<div>[This review first appeared in _Acta Koreana_, 6.1 (2003):
14-20. _Acta Koreana_ is published by Academia Koreana of
Keimyung University.]</div>
<div><br></div>
<div><br></div>
<div><font color="#000000">Historical narratives of 19th century Korea
are still to some extent in the grip of the odd couple of Social
Darwinism and Confucian historiography. Writing on a transitional
period, from traditional society to modern, from an independent and
proud kingdom to a protectorate and colony, it is easy to fall into
teleological reasoning and judgmental descriptions. Studies dealing
with this period frequently seek the causes for the weak state of the
dynasty, why it wasn't able to adapt to the new geopolitical situation
of late 19th century East Asia. This is projected back into earlier
parts of the century, tracing what went wrong, instead of trying to
get a comprehensive view of the socio-political situation at the time.
The Confucian legacy can be seen in efforts to find the<i> morally</i>
culpable; in the cyclical view of Confucian historiography dynasties
come to an end because they are morally corrupt, the Chosôn dynasty
came to an end, therefore it must have been corrupt. From both a
Social Darwinian and a Confucian point of view attention is naturally
directed to the politically most influential group of the time, the
royal in-law families. Portrayed as morally corrupt, they are thus
blamed for the weak state of the dynasty and also for contributing to
the demise of Korea as an independent country by stubbornly sticking
to the old order to defend their own interests.</font></div>
<div><font color="#000000"><br>
The late 19th century is accordingly depicted as a period when
progressive forces, realising that Korea had to change to survive,
fought with conservatives, among whom the royal in-laws played a
prominent role, defending their own interests at the expense of the
survival of the country. This is the context in which Michael Finch's
study<i> Min Yông-hwan: A Political Biography</i> is set. The
Introduction states: "One of the main purposes of this study,
therefore, is to correct the distortion of such a polarized
interpretation and to show that the political scene in late Chosôn
Korea should not be viewed as a simple dichotomy of progressive
reformers pitted against conservative reactionaries." (p. 4)<br>
<br>
This is a very welcome approach, and a biographical study is of course
a very effective format when aiming to disaggregate an over-simplified
picture, as it can portray in detail the complex situation into which
a person is put, and the diverse and sometimes contradictory ways in
which the person reacts. Furthermore, as Min Yônghwan was a central
figure in the most powerful in-law family at that time, the Yôhûng
Min clan, and also was engaged in governmental reform efforts, the
subject of this study is indeed very well chosen. The study is mainly
interested in Min Yônghwan as a public figure, his political career.
It is thus titled a<i> political</i> biography, and the main sources
used are Min's own writings as compiled in<i> Min Ch'ungjônggong
yugo</i> (The posthumous works of Prince Min).<br>
<br>
The first chapter, "Early Life and Political Career" begins
with an introductory exposition of the closing decades of the Chosôn
dynasty (1866-1910). Except for two Korean secondary sources this is
exclusively based on the standard English language scholarship on the
period and does not provide any new understanding. Thereafter follows
a similar exposition of the intellectual background of Late Chosôn.
This is also too superficial to provide a good understanding of the
period in which Min Yônghwan lived, and it contains some problematic
statements, for instance: "In the early nineteenth century
Chông Yag-yong, the "great synthesizer" of<i> sirhak</i>
thought, brought practical learning to the threshold of
"enlightenment thought" (<i>kaehwa sasang</i>)" (p.
19). Even though, admittedly, links can be seen between practical
learning and late 19th century Korean enlightenment thought, for
instance in figures such as Pak Kyusu, the latter was not a result of
any "synthesizing" of the former, and Chông Yag-yong's
rather traditional version of practical learning was not at the core
of these developments. It is further stated "[j]ust as the
Western Enlightenment had seen the appearance of Encyclopedists in
France, so the nineteenth century in Korea also witnessed the
emergence of such encyclopedic works." (p. 19) Not only is the
comparison of Western and Korean enlightenment thought misleading, but
the statement also ignores the fact that the Korean encyclopedic works
were written from the perspective of<i> sirhak</i>, not enlightenment
thought, and that<i> sirhak</i> scholars had produced such works in
earlier periods, for example Yi Su-gwang's (1563-1628)<i> Chibong
yusôl</i> and Yi Ik's (1681-1763)<i> Sôngho sasôl</i>. There is
also an unfortunate misprint; the title of Sô Yugu's (1764--1845)
encyclopedic work is<i> Imwôn simnyuk chi</i> and not<i> Imyôn
simnyuk chi</i> (p.19).</font></div>
<div><font color="#000000"><br>
This chapter takes off, however, when it starts to relate Min
Yônghwan's family background and early life. The fact that Min
Yônghwan was the cousin of King Kojong as well as the nephew of the
king's consort, Queen Myôngsông, is very telling of how closely
connected the Min clan was to the royal family, and also of the
complex family situations that could result from the practice of
adoption within families to maintain blood-lines. The description of
his childhood is, however, due to existing sources, as dull as most
such descriptions found in the biographies of Chosôn Korea
personalities. After conceiving him his mother had an auspicious
dream, and as a child Min Yônghwan showed exceptional filial piety,
respectfully listened to his elders, and would not join in with the
local children's games. It is, however, very telling to see how the
young Min Yônghwan was able to make a "meteoric" (p. 27)
rise in the bureaucracy even though he repeatedly declined positions
given to him. Min passed the final stage of the<i> Munkwa</i>
Examination in February 1878 and already in March 1881, even before
his twentieth birthday, he was promoted to a post at the senior third
rank, entering the higher ranks of the bureaucracy. As this study
deals with one of the central figures in the Min clan, and it states
that "Min's [Yônghwan] career was made all the more promising
by the fact that by 1878, the Min clan had already had five years in
which to consolidate its power after forcing the resignation of the
Taewôn'gun in 1873" (p. 27) it would have been interesting to
see a discussion on the role of the Min clan in the seizure of
political initiative from his father by King Kojong, as this is not a
wholly undisputed issue.<br>
<br>
Just as the Min clan's position gave them power, it also made them the
target of political violence in this turbulent period, something of
which Min would have much personal experience. His father, Min
Kyômho was killed in the Soldiers Rebellion of 1882, two relatives,
Min T'aeho and Min Yôngmok were killed in the coup of 1884, and
finally Queen Myôngsông was murdered by the Japanese in 1895. This
chapter gives a very interesting picture of the pros and cons of being
a royal in-law family in late 19th-century Korea.<br>
<br>
The second chapter "Proposals for Reforms" presents Min's
reform essay<i> Ch'ônilch'aek</i> (One policy in a thousand), and
starts with a discussion on the dating of this work, arguing that it
was written just before the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War in July
1894, and not around the time of Min's two journeys to the West in
1896 and 1897 as surmised by the South Korean historian Kang Sôngjo.
Even if it of course is very important whether Min wrote this reform
essay before or around the times of his visit to Western countries, I
feel that the author gets a little bit too polemic, stating that it
"appears to have been incorrectly dated in<i> Korean
historiography</i> [italics added]" (p. 6) even though he later
only refers to the work of Kang Sôngjo, and it is my impression that
the work usually isn't dated at all. Finch furthermore accuses Kang
Sôngjo of having "deliberately misinterpreted" (p. 46) a
section of the text, a serious accusation that would need some
substantial elaboration. Given that Finch is able to produce several
convincing cases of textual evidence to support his dating, it is also
somewhat disappointing that he should overdo his case and use a
reference of Min to a standard phrase like "five hundred years of
civil government in Chosôn" as indicative of when the text was
written (p. 40).<br>
<br>
<i>Ch'ônilch'aek</i> starts with an assessment of the situation in
Korea dealing with the perceived Russian and Japanese threats,
Chosôn's relationship with China and the Tonghak problem. That Finch
is able to show that this text was written before the outbreak of the
Sino-Japanese War is of course of great significance when analysing
how he perceived the threat from Japan and Russia, and when arguing
for what kind of relationship Korea should have with China. Finch
makes a good point of the fact that Min already at this stage warns of
Japan's "aggressive intentions". He states: "[W]hatever
the truth of Hilary Conroy's assertion that the Meiji leadership had
no long-term plan to annex Korea, that was certainly not the
perception of at least one member of Korea's leadership élite as
early as 1894." (p. 45) Of importance for the later narrative of
the study is also how strongly Min perceived the threat from Russia,
calling the country a "modern-day, powerful Qin". (p.
43)</font></div>
<div><font color="#000000"><br>
This assessment of the situation is followed by ten proposals for
preparation and defence: employing talented people, restoring the
fundamental principles of government, reform of the military system,
adequate storage of materials, the repair of weapons, the defence of
strategic points, relieving the people's suffering, managing wealth
and expenditure, promotion of schools, and relations with neighbouring
countries. What strikes the reader is the traditional character of
these suggested reforms. This might be the reason why the text hasn't
received much attention in previous studies of the period, as these
tend to focus on "progressive" reform ideas, but Min's text
is very important if we want to understand the outlook of leading
figures of the time, and Finch's discussion is a very welcome
contribution.</font></div>
<div><font color="#000000"><br>
The reader is, however, left wondering for whom this text was
intended. The difficulties in dating the texts of course result from
the fact that it isn't mentioned in other sources. It would have been
interesting if Finch had discussed why this text apparently wasn't
circulated, considering Min's central position in the
bureaucracy.</font></div>
<div><font color="#000000"><br>
The third chapter "Mission to Russia" is based on<i>
Haech'ôn ch'ubôm</i> (Sea, sky, autumn voyage) and relates Min's
1896 journey to Moscow as minister plenipotentiary to attend the
coronation of Tsar Nicholas II. This was when King Kojong was residing
in the Russian legation in Seoul and the mission was a Russian
initiative to strengthen its position in Korea. The purpose of the
visit was not only to attend the coronation, but also to have
negotiations with the Russian government. In great detail the reader
is allowed to follow Min and his entourage, including Yun Ch'iho, on
their journey to Russia via China, Japan, Canada, the United States,
Great Britain, Germany and Poland. It is fascinating reading to see
how this group reacted to the more spectacular features of Western
civilisation, such as steam trains, electricity, high buildings, and
broadcasting. Some remarks even bring<i> Papalagi</i> to mind, as
after having experienced an electrically powered elevator for the
first time, when the diary states: "As climbing the stairs might
be considered inconvenient, there is one room on the ground floor
which goes up and down by means of electricity according to one's
wish. This is a good idea." (p. 83) Curiosity seems to have been
reciprocal to a certain extent as the group wore traditional Korean
clothes and attracted unwelcome attention in New York. Yun Ch'iho
wrote: "If laughing and smiling are a sign of happiness,
certainly we, in our strange dress, were an innocent cause of making
many a person happy in N.Y." (p. 211) In a similar fashion it is
also interesting to see how Min Yônghwan after this "journey of
thousands of miles across two oceans and two continents" (p.
90-91) in the end was unable to attend the coronation in the cathedral
of the Kremlin Palace as he refused to remove his official headgear,
something that the envoys of Turkey, China, and Persia also refused to
do, and had to watch it from outside.<br>
<br>
The greatest value of this chapter, however, lies in the first-hand
insight it gives into the frustrating diplomatic activities of Min in
Russia. He had been ordered by King Kojong to negotiate with the
Russians to secure help to balance Japanese influence. What Korea
asked for was a guard for the protection of the King, military
instructors, advisors, telegraphic connections, and a loan. The
Koreans were, however, unaware of the secret negotiations between
Russia and Japan concerning the balance of their influence on the
Korean peninsula, resulting in the Yamagata-Lobanov Protocol of June
1896. When Min negotiated with the Russians they didn't inform him of
this agreement, frustrating Min by not giving any clear answer to the
Korean requests and only offering the not-so-convincing "moral
assurance of safety" for the Korean king.<br>
The fourth chapter, "Embassy to Queen Victoria's Diamond
Jubilee", is based on<i> Sagu sokch'o</i> (Additional notes of an
envoy to Europe) and initially describes how Min Yônghwan after
returning to Korea, apparently influenced by his experiences in the
West, starts to work for reform to the extent that he was
"adopted as the main figurehead for reform within the Korean
administration by the<i> Independent</i>'s editor, Sô Chaep'il"
(p. 118), before he once again is sent abroad, this time as Ambassador
Plenipotentiary to Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee and Minister
Plenipotentiary to six European nations in 1897. Whereas the 1896
visit to Russia had been a Russian initiative, this mission "was
the fulfilment of a long-held desire of the Chosôn administration to
be represented at the major capitals of Europe" (p. 121). As in
the previous chapter, the adventures of Min Yônghwan in foreign
lands make fascinating reading, but it is really in the description of
how these "long-held desires" were thwarted, and how Min
Yônghwan eventually, out of frustration over the Korean situation,
abandoned his official responsibilities and left for the US, that the
value of this chapter lies.</font></div>
<div><font color="#000000"><br>
The last chapter, "The Final Phase", portrays Min's
activities while staying in Washington and his activities in Korea
after his return in 1898 and up till November 1905, when he committed
suicide in protest against the protectorate treaty. In this period he
continued to work for reform while being given high positions in the
bureaucracy. Of special significance were his activities in the Bureau
of Emigration (Yuminwôn), since he actively supported Korean
emigration to Hawai'i, apparently impressed by what he had witnessed
among Korean immigrants in the Russian Far East on his return journey
from his visit to Russia in 1896.<br>
<br>
<i>Min Yông-hwan: A Political Biography</i> is a most valuable
contribution to the study of 19th century Korea, a biographical
narrative that provides fascinating reading of micro-historical
details, and a study in diplomatic history that sheds valuable light
on the difficult diplomatic endeavours of the Chosôn dynasty as the
kingdom was confronted with a new international order in late 19th
century. However, although the strong point of Finch's study is that
he attempts to give a more variegated picture, aiming to "correct
the distortion" of "a polarized interpretation",
unfortunately, to a certain extent, he himself seems to fall into the
same trap. He for instance contends that "largely as a result of
Min's experiences in the West and his close contact with Western
diplomats, advisers, missionaries, and their Korean associates in
Seoul such as Yun Ch'i-ho and Sô Chae-p'il, Min was<i> able</i> to
go beyond his neo-Confucian, conservative background to become the
most important ally of modernization and reform at the Korean court
[italics added]" (p. 8). Furthermore, in his discussion of Min's
reform essay, Finch seems to feel a need to excuse Min for his
conservative outlook stating that "it should be recognized that
Min was constrained to work within the frames of reference of the
Chosôn court" and that by "using Chinese precedents in his
arguments for reform, he was also protecting himself from any
criticism that might come either from conservatives or from Qing
observers of the court such as Yuan Shikai" (pp. 53-54).<br>
<br>
Consequently the life of Min Yônghwan is still described and judged
from the viewpoint of a teleologically justified preferred
development, and in the end the reader is left lacking a new
understanding of Min Yônghwan's role in Korean politics of the
period. Finch repeatedly states that Min's main contribution was to
function as a link between the Korean court and reformers, "his
efforts to traverse the gulf between Kojong's court and the
Independence club" (p. 180), but these claims are only backed up
by the fact that he was close to the court, worked for reform, and
that members of the Independence Club spoke warmly of him. The author
fails to show of what these "efforts" really consisted.
Finch thus tends to collapse the importance of Min into only his ideas
on reform, and in my opinion it would have been interesting to see
both a broader and a more detailed discussion of the political role,
not only of Min but also of the group he represented, the influential
royal-in-law statesmen, in this turbulent period of Korean
history.</font><br>
</div>
<div><font color="#000000">These final critical remarks, however, do
not detract from the value of this publication, a study that should
attract interest not only from scholars dealing with
turn-of-the-century diplomatic history, but also from a broader
audience wanting to get closer to the leading personalities of late
19th century Korea.</font></div>
<div><font color="#000000"><i><br>
<br>
</i></font><br>
</div>
<div>Citation:</div>
<div>Karlsson, Anders 2004</div>
<div><font color="#000000"><i>_</i>Min Yông-hwan: A Political
Biography_, by Michael Finch</font> (2002)</div>
<div>_Korean Studies Review_ 2004, no. 15</div>
<div>Electronic file: http://koreaweb.ws/ks/ksr/ksr04-15.htm</div>
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