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--></style><title>[KS] KSR 2006-01: _The Korean Economy Beyond the
Crisi</title></head><body>
<div><font size="+1" color="#000000">_The Korean Economy Beyond the
Crisis_, by Duck-Koo Chung and Barry Eichengreen. Cheltenham: Edward
Elgar, 2004. 372 pages. (ISBN 1-84376-603-5), 79.95 £ (hardback), 35
£ (paperback).<br>
<br>
_Catch-up and Crisis in Korea_, by Wontack Hong. Cheltenham: Edward
Elgar, 2002. 166 pages. (ISBN 1-84064-917-8), 45 £.<br>
<br>
_Korea's New Economic Strategy in the Globalization Era_, by O. Yul
Kwon, Sung-Hee Jwa, Kyung-Tae Lee. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2003. 247
pages. (ISBN 1-84376-045-2), 65 £..<br>
<br>
reviewed by Bernhard Seliger<br>
Hanns Seidel Stiftung<br>
</font><font size="+1" color="#0000FF"><u>seliger@hss.or.kr<br>
<br>
<br>
</u></font><font size="+1" color="#000000">Ten years after South
Korea's accession to the OECD and nine years after the breakout of the
financial and economic crisis in 1997, the question becomes inevitable
whether preoccupation with the crisis still renders new insights and
results. By now there are far too many books treating the broad topic
of the emergence of the financial crisis to give an overview of all of
them. Similarly, the intertwined causes for the crisis (external
contagion, a weak domestic institutional framework, and a consequent
build-up of firms with untenable financial positions) certainly have
been discussed in depth. Earlier mono-causal theories have mostly been
discarded in favour of a view that the origins of the Korean crisis
were multiple. Equally, the response to the crisis in monetary,
exchange rate and fiscal policy has been thoroughly reviewed,
especially for South Korea and its interaction with the IMF. South
Korea, after all, was already staging a phenomenal comeback just one
year after the crisis period, in 1999.<br>
<br>
<x-tab> </x-tab>Nevertheless, the question of the impact of the crisis
on South Korea's economic model has not yet been finally answered.
This continued questioning can be seen not only in the still lively
debate among economists and the consequent research output on the
crisis, but also in the policy discussions about the
lower-than-desired growth of the last half-decade and the response of
the Korean people. In 2005, opinion polls revealed that Koreans'
confidence in their economic future has fallen lower than in the year
2000, just after the financial and economic crisis. The scandal
surrounding Seoul National University professor Hwang Woo-Suk and his
faking of scientific data adds spice to this debate, since the
supremacy of science and technology and the necessity of upgrading
science as a way out of the crisis has been a constant -- maybe<i>
the</i> constant rallying cry -- of economic policy after the crisis,
beginning with "DJnomics" in 1998.<br>
<br>
<x-tab> </x-tab>In this review, I consider three recent
collections of articles that take up again the Korean crisis and are
well worth being read in comparison, since they offer different views
on the problems of the Korean economy, and focus especially on the
question of the future of Korea's economic system.<br>
<br>
<x-tab> </x-tab> "The
Korean Economy Beyond the Crisis" by Duck-Koo Chung and Barry
Eichengreen, published in 2004, includes a number of important papers
by international and Korean experts covering several aspects of the
crisis, such as monetary and fiscal policy, social impact, financial
and corporate restructuring, labour markets and the role of the United
States. Two very different papers, which in my opinion are,
respectively. the most interesting and the weakest papers of the
collection, analyse the impact of the crisis on the Korean political
economic system. Jaeyeol Lee in "Transparency and Social
Capital," addresses the question of how the governance system of
South Korea was changed by the crisis. By opposing Korean and
Anglo-American types of governance, he simplifies the analysis, but
nonetheless reaches interesting conclusions. Following the
intercultural studies approach of Hofstede ("Cultures and
Organizations: Software of the Mind") and using the data of
Hofstede and Transparency International, he maps Korea on a
three-dimensional map of individualism, power distance and
transparency, showing that its ranking in these three dimensions is
low not only compared to Anglo-American economies, but continental
European and East Asian competitors. For a system in which leadership
is based on rules, rather than personalized, institutionalized trust
is still missing to a large degree. Its absence has an impact in many
spheres including corruption. Lee concludes that "one way of
characterizing post-crisis reform in Korea is that progress has been
fastest where international involvement is greatest." This is an
interesting statement that contrasts with much of the earlier debate
on the failure of conditionality in IMF policies.</font></div>
<div><font size="+1" color="#000000"><br>
<x-tab> </x-tab>The weakest
chapter of the book immediately follows, an analysis of Korean
political development after the crisis in terms of class division and
class struggle. Lim Hyun-Chin and Joon Han's "Social
realignment, coalition change and political transformation"
suffers from a lack of clear definitions (e.g. on the content of
"reforms" and "reformist policies", the meaning of
"conservative," etc.) that makes it difficult to understand
their framework and its usefulness for the analysis of the post-crisis
situation. Certainly, the consequences of the crisis for the
distribution of wealth are marked, but they have to be related to
growth in absolute terms (rising inequality in a growing economy like
Korea's after 1999 is completely different from rising inequality in a
shrinking economy such as Russia's in the 1990s). Their conclusion
that the time for a "fundamental reconstruction of political
power" has been missed lacks a clear explanation; given, however,
their predilection for seeing the world in terms of class struggle, it
might be a blessing that "remaking the nation" in the sense
in which Lim and Han speak did not take place.<br>
<br>
<x-tab> </x-tab> The final piece,
"Reform and the risk of recurrence of crisis" by In June
Kim, Baekin Cha and Chi-Young Song, offers a very interesting view on
the phenomenal rebound of South Korea and its V-shaped recovery after
the crisis. In contrast to the mostly very optimistic views on
the immediate effects of restructuring, the authors stress the role of
expansionary monetary and fiscal policy, a favourable external
environment, and the extreme depreciation of the won in Korea's
recovery. They argue that these factors had more significant
short-term effects than restructuring, although they concede that such
restructuring may have an impact in the long term (the authors are
quite sceptical about its thoroughness, however). The importance of
short term factors in the fast recovery after the financial crisis not
only explains the worsening macroeconomic performance after 2001, but
also reminds us of the still ongoing necessity for corporate and
financial reform.<br>
<br>
<x-tab> </x-tab><i>Catch-up and Crisis in Korea</i> by Wontack Hong,
published in 2002, is an amended collection of papers by this
distinguished professor from Seoul National University, who developed
many of his ideas in an earlier book published in 1994 under the
title<i> Trade and Growth: A Korean Perspective</i>. Those familiar
with Hong's earlier research might therefore not learn much new from
this book. This collection nevertheless is an interesting contribution
to the ongoing debate on Korea's crisis, since it (re-)focuses the
view on the very source of Korea's catch-up, namely its trade and
growth. Certainly, there are a number of possible views on how
economies grow: the institutional setting has been always a prime
variable and, ever since the works of Douglass North, the development
of "New Institutional Economics," has become more important
as a field of economic theory. In the preface Hong offers a
justification of why he limits himself to analysing trade and growth,
and this restricted treatment keeps the discussion very interesting,
because debate on the Korean crisis and its focus on international
financial factors and internal institutional weaknesses sometimes
overlooks the very basis of South Korea growth.<br>
<br>
<x-tab> </x-tab>Hong's book, following his earlier work, is mainly
interested in the question of Korea's catch-up and its export-oriented
growth. Only in the later chapters does he treat the crisis following
the catch-up. While Hong says little about the sources of growth in
terms of accounting for inputs and technology, his views on the
export-oriented (institutional) regime, trade patterns,<i> chaebol</i>
as engines of growth and the role of credit are well presented. The
comparison of South Korea and Taiwan and their industrial structure is
particularly interesting. The conglomerate-based Korean model, which
is politically influenced made Korea's economy more vulnerable than of
the Taiwanese economy, with its foundation in small and medium
enterprises (SME), but also had an impact on the possibility of
rebound. It is unfortunate that the implications for reform of the
Korean model are not discussed in more detail here.</font></div>
<div><font size="+1" color="#000000"><br>
<x-tab> </x-tab>In his
conclusion (143) Hong calls the 1997 crisis an admittedly costly
blessing in disguise that helped Korean people to "wise up by
experience." In a self-proclaimed optimistic view, he sees the
positive aspects of the change in the economic system after the
crisis, with new and more transparent "rules of the game,"
less political interference, and, finally, less corruption. Hopefully,
the lessons learned will remain the basis of economic policymaking in
Korea in the future.<br>
<br>
<x-tab> </x-tab><i> Korea's New
Economic Strategy in the Globalization Era</i> by O. Yul Kwon,
Sung-Hee Jwa and Kyung-Tae Lee was published in 2003. In two aspects
it differs from the two other books under review: first, it does not
look into the crisis itself, but rather into policy-making after the
crisis. Secondly, and appropriately so, given its focus, many of the
writers are or have been advisors to the Korean government, thereby
making this book more policy-oriented and less theoretical. Given the
short life cycle of some political and policy ideas in Korea, this
focus, naturally, also may become a limitation. Catchwords like
"Cyber Korea 21" change under every new administration
(consider, e.g., Kim Young Sam's globalization drive, Kim Dae Jung's
DJnomics and the "hub of East Asia" debate under Roh Moo
Hyun). With the exception of a paper from Bernie Bishop of Griffith
University on FDI liberalization in East Asia, only Korean
"insiders" have contributed to the volume, with concomitant
advantages and limitations.<br>
<br>
<x-tab> </x-tab>This book offers a highly
comprehensive sectoral treatment, covering not only trade,
restructuring, the financial sector, labor and social policy, but also
energy, agriculture and inter-Korean relations. My personal favourite
among the papers is by Sung-Hee Jwa, head of Korea Economic Research
Institute. While the topic of his "A New Framework for
Government-Business Relations in Korea" is hardly new, he is the
only author in any of the books reviewed to stress the paramount
importance of competition policy as a substitute for direct government
intervention. Giving maximum freedom to companies, as he calls for in
his conclusion (96), does not, then, mean unlimited, unregulated
"Manchester capitalism." Competition itself becomes the
prime regulator of behaviour, firm structure and size. Given that the
state can effectively bar restrictive practices, collusion, and
monopolization based not on innovation, but barriers to market entry,
its market-correcting actions become as unnecessary as they are
damaging.<br>
<br>
<x-tab> </x-tab>Two papers focus on a national
innovation system as a precondition for sustained growth:
"Korea's Drive for a Knowledge-based Economy" by Kwang Sun
Pai, Ki-Hong Park and Suk-In Chang, and "A Development Strategy
for Korea's Information Society" by Chang-Bun Yoon and Sang-Young
Sonn. As mentioned above, in the light of the recent scandal
surrounding cloning research by Professor Hwang Woo-Suk, the stress on
a national innovation system governed and steered by the central
government seems problematic. The problem of the selection of prestige
projects without proper control has been at the core of the scandal.
After attempts to establish Korea as a "hub of East Asia"
had been loudly trumpeted, but then more or less evaporated as they
were belittled by competitors, the "international stem cell hub"
led by Professor Hwang became a huge prestige project. But, similarly
to earlier Korean experiences with corporate expansion under
quasi-state guarantee, the project failed and left the state with the
resulting damage (here, mainly to Korea's image as a modern state on
the forefront of international research and technological
competition). As the lessons of the financial and monetary crisis
showed, strong institutions and governance structures are the key to
success, not direct state involvement in business or innovation
activities. Nothing could demonstrate the ongoing necessity to learn
from the crisis of 1997 and its lessons more vividly than this
case.<br>
<br>
<x-tab> </x-tab>Overall, each of the three volumes gives
important insights on the crisis. Although my personal favourite is
the book by Chung and Eichengreen with its more international approach
and outlook, I learned much from each one. The debate on the crisis is
ongoing, and valuable lessons are still to be found in analysis of the
Korean crisis.</font></div>
<div><font size="+1" color="#000000"><br>
<br>
<x-tab>
</x-tab> <br>
Citation:<br>
Seliger, Bernhard 2005<br>
Review of _The Korean Economy Beyond the Crisis_, by Duck-Koo Chung
and Barry Eichengreen (2003); _Catch-up and Crisis in Korea_, by
Wontack Hong (2002); and _Korea's New Economic Strategy in the
Globalization Era_, by O. Yul Kwon, Sung-Hee Jwa, Kyung-Tae Lee
(2003).<br>
_Korean Studies Review_ 2006, no. 01<br>
Electronic file: http://koreaweb.ws/ks/ksr/ksr06-01.htm</font></div>
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