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<p>Dear Jim and all,</p>
<p><br></p>
<p>thanks for highlighting the continued usage of Dear Leader, which actually went on until 2004, although only occasionally; here is what I have found on the title issue under http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/dprk/leadership-succession1.htm:</p>
<p><br></p>
<p>***</p>
<p>"By mid-November 2004 there were claims that North Korea's official media was no longer using the glorifying term of "Dear Leader" while referring to the country's head, Kim Jong-il. Instead the term "Leader" was used. Some analysts speculated that this reflected a downgrading of Kim Jong-il's status. But this does not appear to be correct. The last usage of "Dear Leader" in the KCNA english archive was in fact on 18 February 2004, in the context of a joint performance of the Art Troupe of Koreans in the United States and the State Symphony Orchestra gave a at the Yun I Sang Concert Hall on February 17 in celebration of February 16, the birthday of leader Kim Jong Il. The performers presented colorful numbers including female sopranos "Wellbeing of the Dear Leader Is Our Happiness." Indeed, there are only two dozen uses of the term "Dear Leader" in the KCNA english archive. There are, however, over 300 references to the "great leader Kim Jong Il" in the archive. And a search of the KCNA archives reveals a number citations of "leader Kim Jong Il" dating back to 1997.<span class=rvts12> Indeed, the "Great Leader Kim Il Sung, Dear Leader Kim Jong Il" construct appears to be largely an artifact of the period prior to the death of Kim Il Sung. While the KCNA English archive has of 10,000 mentions of Kim Il Sung, there are only slightly more than 100 mentions of "Great Leader Kim Il Sung</span>." (emphasis RF)</p>
<p>***</p>
<p><br></p>
<p>It makes perfect sense to me that in a political system and ideology that put such a high emphasis on the person of its leader (called the brain of the socio-political body etc. etc.), the title cannot remain the same if a significant change in status happens, as was the case after 1994/1997. </p>
<p>
<br>By the way, some of you might not be aware that KCNA has updated its Rodong Sinmun archives (in Korean). The major articles, about 10 per day, are now available from Jan. 01, 1998 until present time (used to be only starting Nov. 2002). Unfortunately, only the English archive is searchable, thanks to the efforts of the author of <a class=rvts13 href="http://www.nk-news.net/search.php">http://www.nk-news.net/search.php</a></p>
<p><br></p>
<p>I vaguely remember having visited a Korean language site with searcheable Rodong Sinmun archives; does anybody on this list have an URL? That would be great.</p>
<p><br></p>
<p>All the best,</p>
<p><br></p>
<p>Ruediger Frank</p>
<p><br></p>
<p><br></p>
<p>am Mittwoch, 04. Oktober 2006 um 21:50 schrieben Sie:</p>
<p><br></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> Dear all</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> I am not sure that I have seen all the correspondence on this</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> issue, so forgive me if I repeat what other’s have said.</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> Commemorative plaques marking visits by the ‘Dear Leader’ are still</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> to be found all over the DPRK, and the title had not fallen into</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> disuse in 2001-2, although it was beginning to be replaced by Dear</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> General or just Our General. That said, I think that Ruediger is</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> right and that Chairman is accurate and neutral. There is an element</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> of mockery in the way that journalists and even some scholars</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> continue to use the Dear Leader tag.</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> I do not recollect anybody translating the choson rodongtang as</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> anything but Korea Workers’ Party,and this seems to be the DPRK</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> preference. But since labour is a collective noun for workers, it</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> could be equally be the Korean Labour Party.</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> Best wishes</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> Jim Hoare </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><br></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> From: </span><a class=rvts7 href="mailto:koreanstudies-bounces@koreaweb.ws">koreanstudies-bounces@koreaweb.ws</a></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> [mailto:koreanstudies-bounces@koreaweb.ws] On Behalf Of Ruediger_Frank</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> Sent: 04 October 2006 09:11</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> To: Korean Studies Discussion List</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> Subject: Re: [KS] Dear Leader</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> Dear all,</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> as Aidan knows from many related debates we had, the title of Kim</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> Jong-il is one of the issues that bothers me a lot. Actually, it is</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> not the title itself, but how it is used in Western media. Kim JI</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> has been the Dear Leader (jinaehaneun jidoja) until his father's</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> death, which is long enough ago to just forget about that title.</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> Ever since, his functionary titles (chongbiseo, wiwonjang etc.)</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> aside, he is referred to as Great Leader (widaehan ryeongdoja) or,</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> less frequently, Dear General (jinaehaneun janggunnim). We outsiders</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> seem to like the somewhat funny expression "Dear Leader", so it has</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> survived in our media. So far, so good, but imho at least academics</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> should use the correct title, no matter what they personally think</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> about the man. It is certainly problematic that in English, widehan</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> suryeongnim and widehan ryeongdoja are both translated as Great</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> Leader; however, I am wondering why there would be too many</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> instances to use these honorific titles anyway (imagine the NYT or</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> Washington Post using "Great Leader"). The official address in</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> international protocol is Chairman (wiwonjang), which is both</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> correct and fairly neutral. As for the Worker's Party, it should be</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> mentioned that "Labour Party" (instead of Labourer's Party) would</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> indeed be the correct translation; it is not rodongjadang, but</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> rodongdang. But I guess that would make our British colleagues unhappy...</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> Best,</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> Ruediger Frank</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><br></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> PS: For those who might think these are just words, here is what</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> Confucius had to say (Lun-yu, Chapter 13, Verse 3): </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> "If terminology is not corrected, then what is said cannot be</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> followed. If what is said cannot be followed, then work cannot be</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> accomplished. If work cannot be accomplished, then ritual and music</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> cannot be developed. If ritual and music cannot be developed, then</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> criminal punishments will not be appropriate. If criminal</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> punishments are not appropriate, the people cannot make a move.</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> Therefore, the Superior Man needs to have his terminology applicable</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> to real language, and his speech must accord with his actions. The</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> speech of the Superior Man cannot be indefinite."</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> (</span><a class=rvts7 href="http://www.human.toyogakuen-u.ac.jp/~acmuller/contao/analects.htm">http://www.human.toyogakuen-u.ac.jp/~acmuller/contao/analects.htm</a><span class=rvts8>)</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> am Mittwoch, 04. Oktober 2006 um 03:10 schrieben Sie:</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> Dear Andriy & Michael</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> "Suryo^ng-nim" is just "leader". "Dear leader" is a usual English</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> rendering of "Chin'aeha'nu^n chidoja" and is a standard epithet for</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> Kim Cho^ng-il. Kim's father was known, inter alia, as</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> "kyo^ng'aeha'nu^n suryo^ng-nim," another epithet standardly rendered</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> in English as "Respected and Beloved Leader." The</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> "Nodongdang"/"Rodongdang") is translated regularly as the "[Korean]</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> Workers Party," in English and is often abbrievated KWP. Kim</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> Cho^ng-il is the General Secretary ("Ch'ong Piso^.")</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> Doc Rock</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> Andriy Ryzhkov <</span><a class=rvts10 href="mailto:andy_kim@ukr.net">andy_kim@ukr.net</a><span class=rvts11>> wrote: Dear Michael, </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> "Dear leader" sounds like "suryong-nim" in Korean and is still used to address Kim Jeon Il,</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> but this term is used mostly in North Korea (he may also be called</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> "Kim Jeong Il rodong-dang piseo" which means "The secretary of</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> labour party", which is more official, but I`m not sure about the</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> correctness of this term). In "suryong-nim" "suryong" is</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> Sino-Korean word which stands for "the leader" and "~nim" is a</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> honorific suffix of pure Korean origin. As for South Korea, he is</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> usually called "Kim Jeong Il gugpang wiweon-jang" or "chairman of National defence committee".</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> I`m not sure whether my reply is satisfactory...</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> Best regards, </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> Ryzhkov Andriy, </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> PhD candidate</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> National Taras Shevchenko university of Kyiv.</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> Dr. Edward D. Rockstein </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
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<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
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<p><span class=rvts9>>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> Fax 410-859-5737 </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><a class=rvts10 href="mailto:ed4linda@yahoo.com">>> ed4linda@yahoo.com</a><span class=rvts11> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> "The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. "</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> Edmund Burke</span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts9>>> Want to be your own boss? Learn how on Yahoo! Small Business. </span></p>
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<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><span class=rvts6>> </span></p>
<p><br></p>
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