<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" ><tr><td valign="top" style="font: inherit;"><DIV>Deja vu.:) In the light of the KWP leadership's reaction to the upheavals which rocked Poland and Hungary in 1956, I consider it entirely possible that the recent uprisings in the Middle East have played a significant role in that the regime took measures which had much in common with the policies it had pursued in 1956-57 (see below). Their threat perceptions must have been reinforced by French, British and U.S. military intervention in Libya.</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>I apologize for quoting myself::) </DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>The first North Koreans whose life was negatively affected by the Hungarian<BR>crisis were the students that Pyongyang had sent to the European communist<BR>countries. Following the revolution, the KWP leadership began to suspect<BR>these students, and probably not without reason. Of the North Koreans studying<BR>in Hungary, at least one (or maybe three) took the opportunity to emigrate<BR>to the West during the revolution. This may have played a role in the regime’s<BR>hurriedly summoning most of the students home. (A total of 109 students were<BR>allowed to remain in Hungary, for they were close to the completion of their<BR>studies.) In fact, the North Korean authorities told the Hungarian diplomats</DIV>
<DIV>that they had ordered the students home so as to “protect them from the contagion<BR>of the counter-revolution.” The intensity of North Korean distrust and<BR>suspicion can be gauged from that at the end of 1956, the DPRK recalled most<BR>students from the other “fraternal” countries as well, regardless of the fact that<BR>several of these countries were firmly under the control of the local communist<BR>regimes. </DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>The dictator did his best to prevent the North Korean population from following the<BR>Hungarian example. A CC plenum held in December [1956] resolved to mobilize<BR>students and intellectuals for physical work in order to forestall any “disturbances,”<BR>which preceded a similar CCP measure by almost a year. The Hungarian diplomats noted<BR>that early in 1957, the leadership mobilized all young people in the country for<BR>the planting of trees in order to tie them up with work and “increase its political<BR>activity.”<BR></DIV>
<DIV>All the best,</DIV>
<DIV>Balazs Szalontai</DIV>
<DIV>East China Normal University, Shanghai</DIV>
<DIV><BR>--- On <B>Thu, 30/6/11, Afostercarter@aol.com <I><Afostercarter@aol.com></I></B> wrote:<BR></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE style="BORDER-LEFT: rgb(16,16,255) 2px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px"><BR>From: Afostercarter@aol.com <Afostercarter@aol.com><BR>Subject: [KS] Fine article on the closure of NK universities at University World News<BR>To: baks@jiscmail.ac.uk, Koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws, members@asck.org<BR>Cc: coyner@gol.com, news@nknews.org, nkeconwatch@gmail.com, Philip@londonkoreanlinks.net, nkleadershipwatch@gmail.com<BR>Date: Thursday, 30 June, 2011, 18:43<BR><BR>
<DIV id=yiv510891563><FONT id=yiv510891563role_document color=#000000 size=4 face="Book Antiqua">
<DIV><FONT size=4>Dear friends and colleagues,</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4>You'll be aware of reports</FONT><FONT size=4> that North Korea is closing</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4>its universities for the time being. As so often, </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4>a </FONT><FONT size=4>strange story; </FONT><FONT size=4>one wonders if it can be true.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4>Here is the best article that I have yet read about this</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4>- f</FONT><FONT size=4>rom a source with which, to my shame, </FONT><FONT size=4>I was </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4>previously unfamiliar. Note the care taken to check</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4>out the story. Too often, as we know, sections of the</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4>"reptile press" will print any rumour about NK as fact.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4>Who </FONT><FONT size=4>UWN? This is </FONT><FONT size=4>of wider interest. When Murdoch sold</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4>the Times Higher Ed and Times Education Supplements</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4>to private equity, the new owners summarily eliminated</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4>most of the </FONT><FONT size=4>international coverage. Those thus got rid of</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4>founded UWN, as a free online resource. Tell your friends.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4>Kind regards</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4>Aidan FC</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=3>(Full disclosure: I am quoted, but - more to the point - so </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=3>are those who reside there, or have very recently visited.)</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=yiv510891563MsoNormal><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Cambria; COLOR: black" lang=EN-GB><FONT size=3>Aidan Foster-Carter</FONT></SPAN></B></DIV>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=yiv510891563MsoNormal><FONT size=3><I><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Cambria; COLOR: black" lang=EN-GB>Honorary Senior Research Fellow in Sociology & Modern Korea, Leeds University, UK</SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Cambria; COLOR: black"></SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=yiv510891563MsoNormal><I><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Cambria; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 8pt" lang=EN-GB> </SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Cambria; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 8pt" lang=EN-GB></SPAN></DIV>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=yiv510891563MsoNormal><FONT size=3><EM><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Cambria; COLOR: black" lang=EN-GB>E</SPAN></EM><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Cambria; COLOR: black" lang=EN-GB>: <A title=mailto:afostercarter@aol.com href="http://uk.mc246.mail.yahoo.com/mc/compose?to=afostercarter@aol.com" rel=nofollow target=_blank ymailto="mailto:afostercarter@aol.com">afostercarter@aol.com</A><SPAN> </SPAN><A title=mailto:afostercarter@yahoo.com href="http://uk.mc246.mail.yahoo.com/mc/compose?to=afostercarter@yahoo.com" rel=nofollow target=_blank ymailto="mailto:afostercarter@yahoo.com">afostercarter@yahoo.com</A><SPAN> </SPAN><EM><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Cambria">W</SPAN></EM>: <A title=http://www.aidanfc.net/ href="http://www.aidanfc.net/" rel=nofollow target=_blank>www.aidanfc.net</A><SPAN> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Cambria; COLOR: black"></SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=yiv510891563MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Cambria; COLOR: black" lang=EN-GB><FONT size=3>Flat 1, <SPAN> </SPAN>40 Magdalen Road, <SPAN> </SPAN>Exeter, <SPAN> </SPAN>Devon, <SPAN> </SPAN>EX2 4TE, <SPAN> </SPAN>England, <SPAN> </SPAN>UK</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=yiv510891563MsoNormal><FONT size=3><EM><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Cambria; COLOR: black" lang=EN-GB>T:</SPAN></EM><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Cambria; COLOR: black" lang=EN-GB> (+44, no 0)<SPAN> </SPAN><SPAN> </SPAN>07970 741307 (mobile);<SPAN> </SPAN><SPAN> </SPAN><SPAN>01392 257753 (home)<SPAN> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Cambria; COLOR: black"></SPAN></FONT></DIV><I><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Cambria; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-GB>Skype</SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Cambria; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-GB>: <SPAN> </SPAN>Aidan.Foster.Carter <EM><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Cambria">Twitter:</SPAN></EM> <SPAN> </SPAN>@fcaidan <SPAN> </SPAN></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4>__________________</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV>
<TABLE border=0 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=top>
<DIV><A title=http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20110630144003329 href="http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20110630144003329" rel=nofollow target=_blank><FONT color=#000000>http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20110630144003329</FONT></A></DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Georgia><SPAN style="WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; BORDER-COLLAPSE: separate; FONT: medium 'Times New Roman'; WHITE-SPACE: normal; ORPHANS: 2; LETTER-SPACING: normal; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); WORD-SPACING: 0px" class=yiv510891563Apple-style-span><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 11px" class=yiv510891563Apple-style-span>
<TABLE border=0 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%">
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; COLOR: rgb(0,51,102); FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class=yiv510891563fullstoryheading><FONT color=#000000 size=4>NORTH KOREA: Learning stops as students sent to work</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 8pt"><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; COLOR: rgb(51,102,153); FONT-SIZE: 8pt" class=yiv510891563fullstoryinfo>Yojana Sharma<BR>30 June 2011<SPAN class=yiv510891563Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN><BR><BR></FONT></FONT>
<TABLE border=0 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=420>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 8pt" height=1 vAlign=bottom background=http://www.universityworldnews.com/layout/UW/images/dotted_grey.gif align=left><FONT size=3><IMG alt="" src="http://www.universityworldnews.com/layout/UW/images/speck.gif" width=420 height=1></FONT></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><BR>
<DIV style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; COLOR: rgb(51,51,51); FONT-SIZE: 8pt" class=yiv510891563fullstorybody><FONT color=#000000 size=4 face="Times New Roman">Close watchers of North Korean affairs were caught on the hop this week by reports that universities in the hermit kingdom would be closed from 27 June for up to 10 months while students are sent to work on farms, in factories and in construction.<BR><BR>Diplomats in Pyongyang confirmed that students were being drafted into manual labour on the outskirts of the city until April next year to prepare for major celebrations to commemorate the centenary of the late leader Kim Il Sung's birthday. But they said this did not mean the closure of universities.<SPAN class=yiv510891563Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><BR><BR>Reports originating in South Korea and Japan suggested that the Pyongyang government had ordered universities to cancel classes until April next year,
exempting only students graduating in the next few months and foreign students.<BR><BR>The reports said the students would be put to work on construction projects in major cities and on other works in a bid to rebuild the economy. This could indicate that the country's food crisis and economic problems are worse than previously thought.<SPAN class=yiv510891563Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><BR><BR>Experts on North Korea said full-scale university closures would be unprecedented. However, it was not unusual for students to be engaged in manual labour, with the academic year sometimes shortened in order to send students onto farms and construction sites.<SPAN class=yiv510891563Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><BR><BR>Peter Hughes, British Ambassador to North Korea, told<SPAN class=yiv510891563Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><I>University World News</I><SPAN class=yiv510891563Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>by email from Pyongyang: "There has
been no official announcement in DPRK [Democratic People's Republic of Korea] about university students being sent to carry out manual labour for the next 10 months, but I can confirm that students from all the universities in Pyongyang have been mobilised to work at construction sites in the outskirts of the city until April 2012.<BR><BR>"Some two years ago the DPRK announced that it would build 200,000 units of accommodation in the city to ease the chronic housing shortage. To date only some 10,000 units have been built, so the students have been taken out of universities in order to speed up the construction of the balance before major celebrations take place in April 2012 to commemorate the 100th birthday of the founder of the DPRK, Kim Il Sung."<BR><BR>Universities are not closed as lecturers and postgraduate and foreign students remain on campuses, Hughes said on Thursday.<BR><BR>"The UK has an English language teacher training programme at three
universities in Pyongyang. The mobilisation of the students should not affect this programme as the majority of activity is focused upon teacher development and not teaching students."<SPAN class=yiv510891563Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><BR><BR>Charles Armstrong, Director of the Centre for Korea Research at Columbia University who returned from Pyongyang earlier last week, said he had visited two state-run universities, Kim Il Sung University and Kim Chaek University of Technology in Pyongyang, as well as the private Pyongyang University of Science and Technology (PUST) in the last few weeks.<SPAN class=yiv510891563Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><BR><BR>At the two public universities the vast majority of students were not present, Armstrong told<SPAN class=yiv510891563Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><I>University World News</I>. "It is also a very busy time for rice transplanting and you see a lot of young people in the
fields."<BR><BR>However, students were studying as normal at PUST, a postgraduate institution funded by Korean-American and South Korean philanthropists that teaches mainly engineering.<SPAN class=yiv510891563Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><BR><BR>"It is very hard to get information in and out of the country and there may be some confusion because every summer students have to go down to the fields to help with the rice planting. It is not the first time that I have heard reports that universities have shut down for a period," Armstrong said.<BR><BR>"My impression is that there is not a lot going on in terms of teaching and studying in public universities and student time is taken up with 'extra curricular' activities including political education. This is a regular part of university life but I have not heard of the universities being shut down completely except for a short while during the 1990s [famine]," he added.<BR><BR>A major famine and
economic crisis in the late 1990s meant that much farm equipment went unused and simply rusted in the fields, so the need for manual labour has grown. Students and army recruits are mobilised to help, often having to travel far from where they live.<BR><BR>"My understanding of the university system is that it is largely dysfunctional. Resources are lacking, many professors spend their time earning from private tuition - so my impression is that it would not make a great deal of difference if they are shut down," said Armstrong.<BR><BR>Aidan Foster-Carter, a writer and researcher on North Korea, formerly at Leeds University in England, said: "North Korea sets great store by these anniversaries. They decreed a few years ago that 2012 would be their date for becoming a great and prosperous nation defined in economic terms. It would make sense having extra persons out there to help with construction, though normally it is the army that does it."<BR><BR>But
any mass use of student labour for longer than the summer vacation months would mean a trade-off against achieving economic goals that required educated workers, he said.<BR><BR>"North Korea's is a strange and broken economy but they also need educated people to pull them out and it would be a major precedent to close the universities. It could be a sign that they are in a worse mess than we thought."<BR><BR>Hazel Smith, professor of security and resilience at Cranfield University who also lectures at Pyongyang's Kim Il Sung University, said North Korean universities were operating as usual in and outside the capital when she was there in May.<SPAN class=yiv510891563Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><BR><BR>She said it would be counterproductive for the regime to close universities. Despite huge labour shortages throughout the country, the regime is "fully aware that people need to be taught IT and technology and of course nuclear
[engineering].<BR><BR>"They are dependent to fulfill their economic goals on people who are computer literate and engaged in advanced science. I don't think [closures] will last very long. There are too many other priorities to deal with."<BR><BR>Analysts in Japan and South Korea suggested there could be other reasons behind the decision to disperse the students across the country, including the possibility of demonstrations at campuses inspired by the Arab Spring uprisings, which began at universities.<BR><BR>They noted that North Korea had purchased anti-riot equipment from China in recent months, including tear gas and batons, while there has been an increased police presence at key points in Pyongyang in recent weeks.<SPAN class=yiv510891563Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><BR><BR>Foster-Carter said North Korea watchers have been closely monitoring for signs of unrest since the spring, but there had not been any.<BR><BR>"The amount of information
from the Middle East reaching the ordinary citizen is very, very limited and there has been nothing at all in the official media," Armstrong said. "There has been no student unrest that we know of for the last 50 years."<BR><BR>According to North Korea analysts, party controls are in place to prevent student uprisings, including political indoctrination and strong surveillance. Some analysts said surveillance on campuses had relaxed in recent years because many party officials had not been paid.<SPAN class=yiv510891563Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><BR><BR>However, experts agreed that the possibility of universities being shut would be an ominous sign of tension. "The most likely reason [to shut universities down completely] would be for military mobilisation if they thought they were going to be attacked," Smith said.<SPAN class=yiv510891563Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><BR><BR><B>Related links</B><BR><BR></FONT><A style="FONT-STYLE: normal;
FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; COLOR: rgb(0,51,102); FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class=yiv510891563original href="http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20101203211829688" rel=nofollow target=_blank><FONT color=#000000 size=4 face="Times New Roman">NORTH KOREA: University events raising tensions</FONT></A><BR><A style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; COLOR: rgb(0,51,102); FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class=yiv510891563original href="http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20100507211230667" rel=nofollow target=_blank><FONT color=#000000 size=4 face="Times New Roman">NORTH KOREA: First international university opens</FONT></A><BR><A style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; COLOR: rgb(0,51,102); FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class=yiv510891563original
href="http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20100507205720549" rel=nofollow target=_blank><FONT color=#000000 size=4 face="Times New Roman">NORTH KOREA: University opens students to the world</FONT></A><FONT color=#000000><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=4><SPAN class=yiv510891563Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><BR><BR></FONT></FONT></FONT><A style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; COLOR: rgb(0,51,102); FONT-SIZE: 8pt; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class=yiv510891563relatedblocklink href="http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20110630144003329&mode=print" rel=nofollow target=_blank><FONT color=#000000 size=3>Printable version</FONT></A><BR><A style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; COLOR: rgb(0,51,102); FONT-SIZE: 8pt; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class=yiv510891563relatedblocklink
href="http://www.universityworldnews.com/forms/email_article.php?story=20110630144003329&mode=form" rel=nofollow target=_blank><FONT color=#000000 size=3>Email to a friend</FONT></A><BR><A style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; COLOR: rgb(0,51,102); FONT-SIZE: 8pt; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class=yiv510891563relatedblocklink href="http://www.universityworldnews.com/article_comment.php?sid=20110630144003329" rel=nofollow target=_blank><FONT color=#000000 size=3>Comment on this article</FONT></A><FONT size=3><FONT color=#000000><SPAN class=yiv510891563Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><BR><BR><B>Disclaimer:</B><SPAN class=yiv510891563Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>All reader responses posted on this site are those of the reader ONLY and NOT those of University World News or Higher Education Web Publishing, their associated trademarks, websites and services. University World News or Higher Education Web Publishing does
not necessarily endorse, support, sanction, encourage, verify or agree with any comments, opinions or statements or other content provided by readers.</FONT></FONT></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV></FONT></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE></td></tr></table>