A few quick thoughts on this topic<br><br>1) Most of the Chinese in "Chinatowns" in Korea are of fairly recent origin (100 years or so) and do usually self-identify as "Chinese."<br><br>2) Most in the ROK had Republic of China (Taiwan) passports until the ROK normalized relations with the PRC in 1992. After this, the ROC was kicked out of the embassy in Myōngdong and there has been an increase in Chinese from the PRC (mostly from Shandong) in Korea.<br>
<br>3) In the 60s, 70s, and 80s, the sense of discrimination felt by the Chinese in Korea was widespread and palpable. I often heard Chinese lamenting that Korea was the only place on earth where the <i>huaqiao</i> magic didn't seem to work. In the early 90s I was given a pamphlet entitled "<style>
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div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1</style><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">Uri-nūn Wei Chajangmyōn changsapakke
halsuopnūnga?</span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">" </span>
("Why is it that we can only make chajangmyōn?) which lamented the various ways in which ROK state and society made life difficult for the Chinese in Korea. <br><br>I haven't seen this but I wouldn't be surprised to someday receive a pamphlet from a North Korean defector titled "
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">Uri-nun Wei Naengmyon changsapakke
halsuopnunga?</span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"> </span><i>Plus ca change...<br><br></i>Cheers,<br><br>Kirk Larsen <br><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Tue, Oct 4, 2011 at 8:18 AM, don kirk <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:kirkdon@yahoo.com">kirkdon@yahoo.com</a>></span> wrote:<br>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="font:inherit" valign="top">Actually, very very briefly, the ethnic Chinese whom I have met, on a few short blocks around Myongdong, that is, near and behind the central Seoul PO (where China is building a huge new embassy),and in a small neighborhood in Incheon and elsewhere, identify themselves as Chinese and are identified as such by Koreans. The story of the Chinese community in Korea is quite interesting and complicated. Of course, many did come for economic opportunity. One assumes some became "Koreanized" but by no means all. They say they suffered from "discrimination" historically, some now but not so much. Others will know a lot more about this topic. My conversations are random. If you want real answers, you need to come out here and interview people systematically.<br>
Don Kirk<br><br>--- On <b>Mon, 10/3/11, Hilary K Josephs <i><<a href="mailto:hkjoseph@law.syr.edu" target="_blank">hkjoseph@law.syr.edu</a>></i></b>
wrote:<br><blockquote style="border-left:2px solid rgb(16, 16, 255);margin-left:5px;padding-left:5px"><br>From: Hilary K Josephs <<a href="mailto:hkjoseph@law.syr.edu" target="_blank">hkjoseph@law.syr.edu</a>><div class="im">
<br>Subject: Re: [KS] Korea & ethnic purity<br></div>To: "Korean Studies Discussion List" <<a href="mailto:koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws" target="_blank">koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</a>><br>Date: Monday, October 3, 2011, 3:07 PM<div>
<div></div><div class="h5"><br><br><div>
<div>
<div>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D">Dear colleagues:</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D">I am afraid that my comments were not very well phrased. And I was assuming that those who responded to this most recent query had also followed the earlier
“discussion” which I started at the beginning of July. My mindset was shaped by study of Asian history in the 1960s and I have not kept up with all the research done since then, with the exception of reading about the Manchu/Chinese relations under the Qing.
I used the terms “ethnocentric” and “ethnic purity” because I could not think of any other more appropriate terms. No offense to anyone was intended.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D">Naively I had presupposed that because of the Chinese tribute system, in which Korea participated, that there was easy passage across the Chinese-Korean border
and that some Chinese gravitated to Korea and permanently settled there because of economic opportunities, chain migration by family members, intermarriage, etc. Those who responded to my July query disabused me of that notion: there were ethnic Chinese who
lived in traditional Korea but not in any great numbers. It is still unclear to me whether over time those people became thoroughly Koreanized (through intermarriage, for example) and ceased to identify with their place of origin (became monolingual, did not
make visits back to China, etc.) Becoming Koreanized would not have necessitated a rupture with the Confucian heritage because the Koreans were, if anything, more Confucian than the Chinese and used study of the Confucian classics as the basis for the Korean
civil service examinations. So a Korean could become expertly schooled in classical Chinese, regardless of whether he had any Chinese ancestry.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D">I once read a characterization of cultures that distinguished “clubs” from “missions.” The British were an example of a club; the French were an example of
a mission. In the case of the latter, so the theory went, if you got a French-style education and could speak French fluently, you would be accepted. Having just finished reading Proust’s A la recherche du temps perdu, with its description of rampant anti-Semitism
(directed even against people whose grandparents had converted to Catholicism), I think that characterization is a gross oversimplification, but as counter-proof I suppose one could point to Sarkozy, who is half-Jewish. Applying the theory to Asian countries,
maybe China is an example of a mission (even the Jews disappeared into the general population) and Japan is a club. How about Korea? Perhaps because of its geographic position, it had to accommodate more in-migration than Japan but it still clung to an identity
which was separate from either China or Japan.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D">I was careless to bring in the subject of citizenship, which is a fairly modern concept. There is no necessary, but-for connection between attitudes towards
dual nationality and ethnic diversity. I might point out that India does not give full citizenship rights to overseas Indians.
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D">Regards,Hilary</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"> <a href="mailto:koreanstudies-bounces@koreaweb.ws" target="_blank">koreanstudies-bounces@koreaweb.ws</a> [mailto:<a href="mailto:koreanstudies-bounces@koreaweb.ws" target="_blank">koreanstudies-bounces@koreaweb.ws</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>abbie.miyabi Yamamoto<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Sunday, October 02, 2011 10:47 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Korean Studies Discussion List<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [KS] Korea & ethnic purity</span></p>
<p> </p>
<div>
<p style="margin-bottom:12.0pt">Dear Professor Josephs, <br>
<br>
Korea's law regarding dual citizenship has recently changed. Now under limited circumstances, dual (or multiple) citizenship is allowed. Japan officially still does not recognize dual citizenship for adults over 22 or those past two years of obtaining foreign
nationality although the law is not strictly enforced.<br>
<br>
Yours, <br>
Miyabi Yamamoto</p>
<div>
<p>2011/10/2 Hilary K Josephs <<a rel="nofollow" href="http://mc/compose?to=hkjoseph@law.syr.edu" target="_blank">hkjoseph@law.syr.edu</a>></p>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black">Dear colleagues:</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black"> </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black">Based on previous discussion of the presence of "foreigners" (including ethnic Chinese) in Korea, would it be safe to infer that Koreans are just as ethnocentric
as the Japanese? May one also infer that most of the ethnic Korean population in Japan came to the country involuntarily? By involuntarily I mean forcible removal, not in search of better economic opportunities. As I recall, Korea, like Japan, is a country
which does not recognize dual nationality for its citizens, in other words, if you obtain nationality elsewhere, your Korean nationality is automatically revoked.</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black"> </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black">Best regards,Hilary K. Josephs</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black"> </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black"> </span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p> </p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div></div></blockquote></td></tr></tbody></table></blockquote></div><br><br clear="all"><br>-- <br>Kirk W. Larsen <br>Department of History<br>2151 JFSB<br>BYU<br>Provo, UT 84602-6707<br>(801) 422-3445<br><br>