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<div style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;">In response to Jim's point about about Iran, there can be no doubt that the Iran situation was formative. As early as <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri; ">December
8, 1979, in a cable to Gleysteen, then</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri; "> Assistant Secretary of State Richard Holbrooke wrote</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri; ">: “nobody wants another Iran.” </span></span></div>
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<![endif]--><!--StartFragment--><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; ">Besides
avoiding a “second Iran” (where American hostages and the US Embassy were still held by radicals in May 1980), other motivating causes included preventing the debacle of “another Vietnam” (which had “fallen” only five short years earlier) and responding to
the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan on December 25, 1979. </span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><br>
</span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; ">After reading of thousands of pages of official US documents, however,
it became clear that the chief perceived threat in Korea articulated in US government internal communications in 1980 was of a capital flight by US investors who worried that the ROKgovernment might prove unstable after Park Chung-hee’s assassination and the
uprising in Gwangju. To mollify US banks, US officials’ needed to demonstrate regime
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; ">stability in 1980, and they did so by endorsing Chun’s dictatorship. </span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><br>
</span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">So far our list's discussion of U.S. involvement has been limited to military and political
dimensions, but when we delve into the role of U.S. economic leaders in approving Chun, particularly David Rockefeller and NY bankers, we may see why Chun felt empowered to forge Reagan's signature. (Thanks Mark for this very interesting development!) RR was
unambiguously supportive of "supply side economics" that privileged financial institutions, and Rockefeller was quite pleased with Chun. </span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><br>
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<![endif]--><!--StartFragment--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="font-family: Calibri; ">The
centerpiece of investor approval of Chun's new regime came on September 22, 1980, when
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-family: Calibri; ">The</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-family: Calibri; ">New York Times</span></i><span style="font-family: Calibri; "> ran a photo of David Rockefeller
shaking hands with a smiling Chun. Three days later, the ROK government announced new policies relaxing foreign investments and permitting non-Korean ownership of everything from land to companies. Common to all neoliberal regimes is repression of the labor
movement, and Chun excelled in this effort, sending thousands to jail and tens of thousands more to “purification camps.” As a consequence, the number of unions fell precipitously from 6,011 before May 1980 to 2,618 by the end of the year. Every time Gleysteen
and US investors complained of "instability," Chun jailed thousands more people or fired thousands of government employees who had formed the backbone of Park Chung-hee's developmental state.</span></span><!--EndFragment--></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri; ">When
Chun’s Finance Minister visited the US in early October, he was pressured to provide greater access to the Korean market byAmerican insurance companies.</span></span></div>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Calibri; ">By recycling petrodollars deposited by oil producers in New York banks, David Rockefeller (one of John’s three bothers) and his associates were moving aggressively to lend money to developing countries,
trapping them in credit markets from which they could not escape. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; ">Debt is a key means by which neoliberalism traps countries in a web of dependency and external control.
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; ">In this venture to expand operations, New York bankers won active support from the US government.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; "> From 1980 to 2002, the debt of the developing world rose from $580 billion
to $2.4 trillion.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; "> As David Harvey put it:
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; ">“The New York investment banks had always been active internationally, but after1973 they became even more so, though now far more focused on lending capital to foreign governments. This required the liberalization
of international credit and financial markets, and the US government began actively to promote and support this strategy in the 1970s.”</span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Calibri; ">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri; "> </span></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: Calibri; ">Korea was no exception. In the first four years of Chun’s government, the country’s foreign debt more than doubled, giving South Korea the dubious distinction of fourth place among the world’s
debtor nations behind Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico.</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Calibri; "><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn2" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title="">[2]</a> </span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Calibri; "><br>
</span></span></span></span></p>
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Calibri; ">The policies implemented by Rockefeller through Chun set the stage of the 1997
IMF crisis.</span></span></span></span></p>
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; ">(For more discussion, see my article "Neoliberalism and the Gwangju Uprising.")</span></div>
<div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; "><br>
</span></div>
<div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; ">George</span></div>
<div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br>
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:
10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt">
David Harvey, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">A Brief History of Neoliberalism</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005) p. 28.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn2" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:
10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">Korea: Managing the Industrial Transition</i> (Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1987) Vol. 1, p. 164. Also see Songok Han Thornton, “The ‘Miracle’ Revisited,”
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">New Political Science</i>, Vol. 27 No. 2 (June 2005) p. 166.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<div style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: medium; "><font size="4"><font face="Calibri,Verdana,Helvetica,Arial"><span style="font-size: 11pt; ">On 12/2/11 11:57 AM,
"Mark Peterson" <<a href="mailto:mark_peterson@byu.edu">mark_peterson@byu.edu</a>> wrote:<br>
<br>
</span></font></font></span>
<blockquote style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: medium; "><font size="4"><font face="Calibri,Verdana,Helvetica,Arial"><span style="font-size: 11pt; ">Don,<br>
<br>
Shouldn't the last line of your quote be "to manipulate Korean public opinion" ? Or "determined to manipulate American public policy"?<br>
<br>
I don't know what efforts the Chun clique would have used to manipulate American public opinion???<br>
<br>
I know plenty of things they did to manipulate American policy.<br>
<br>
I visited USIS a year after Chun formally took office, and the USIS staff were talking about an odd request that came from the Korean government for the President Reagan to send a letter of congratulations on the first anniversary of the new regime. And the
USIS staff thought that highly unorthodox and clearly manipulative and rejected the request, saying that as a matter of course the U.S. government does not issue congratulatory messages from the President on the first anniversary of a new political administration.<br>
<br>
A short while later, on another visit to the USIS offices (as Fulbright director I had frequent contact with USIS people since they funded Fulbright) they were all buzzing about a press release from the Chun Blue House, a booklet of things, congratulatory messages
and the like, in colorful booklet form. And the first letter in the booklet was from President Reagan -- the bastards had forged it. And USIS was snuttering about trying to decide how to protest such a thing, whether to go public (not a serious option),
and how big of a diplomatic stink to make of forging the signature and a letter from the President of the United States.<br>
<br>
I'm not sure this account is written anywhere by anyone, but I am an eyewitness and I'm sure we could find the documents in some files somewhere. Perhaps some government officers on one side or the other have a memory of the event?<br>
<br>
best,<br>
Mark<br>
<br>
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<span style="font-weight:bold">From: </span>Jim Thomas <<a href="mailto:jimpthomas@hotmail.com">jimpthomas@hotmail.com</a>><br>
<span style="font-weight:bold">Reply-To: </span>Korean Studies Discussion List <<a href="mailto:koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws">koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</a>><br>
<span style="font-weight:bold">Date: </span>Fri, 2 Dec 2011 14:33:29 -0500<br>
<span style="font-weight:bold">To: </span><<a href="mailto:aoverl@yahoo.co.uk">aoverl@yahoo.co.uk</a>>, don kirk <<a href="mailto:kirkdon@yahoo.com">kirkdon@yahoo.com</a>>, Korean Studies Discussion List <<a href="mailto:koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws">koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</a>><br>
<span style="font-weight:bold">Subject: </span>Re: [KS] U.S. involvement in the Gwangju Uprising<br>
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<div dir="ltr"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">In all of the discussions of<!--?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /-->
<st1:city w:st="on">Kwangju</st1:city>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">US</st1:country-region> involvement, and US-Korea relations in 1980,
<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Iran</st1:place></st1:country-region> has never been mentioned once (at least according to the global search I just did). For those who were conscious of such events at the time, let's not forget that May 18,
1980 was day 197 of the hostage crisis in <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Tehran</st1:place></st1:city>, which plagued Carter throughout the last third of his presidency and, according to many analysts, is probably the single most important factor
leading to Reagan's victory in November, 1980.</span><br>
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"></span> <br>
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><!--?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /--><o:p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">George H.W. Bush, ex-Director of the CIA who was running against Reagan for the Republican presidential
nomination at the time, had a “paramilitary plan” to free the hostages in <st1:country-region w:st="on">
<st1:place w:st="on">Iran</st1:place></st1:country-region>. Unfortunately, Carter listened and a clandestine military rescue attempt was hatched. On April 24th, 1980, it failed, ending in the death of eight American soldiers in the Iranian desert.</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<st1:country-region w:st="on"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Iran</span></st1:country-region><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> was a great distraction--pushing
<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Korea</st1:place></st1:country-region> and most of the rest of the world off of the political radar screen--at least for the Carter administration. The hostage crisis severely compromised Carter's hard line
on human rights abuse and soft line on military interventionism (which, as we all know, was aggressively used by Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon, and then triumphed under the three or four administrations that succeeded Carter). In mid-May 1980, "security" was
the name of the game, not the least of which because American military readiness and Carter were both widely portrayed as "weak."<o:p></o:p></span><br>
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> <o:p></o:p></span><br>
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">And no, "bastards" is not too harsh a word to use in Chun's case. It is a word I reserve only for the most egregious abuse. And, I believe, so does Mark.<o:p></o:p></span><br>
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">jim<br>
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Date: Fri, 2 Dec 2011 14:44:21 +0000<br>
From: <a href="mailto:aoverl@yahoo.co.uk">aoverl@yahoo.co.uk</a><br>
To: <a href="mailto:kirkdon@yahoo.com">kirkdon@yahoo.com</a>; <a href="mailto:koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws">
koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</a><br>
Subject: Re: [KS] U.S. involvement in the Gwangju Uprising<br>
<br>
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<div style="RIGHT: auto"><span style="RIGHT: auto">In a sense, we may say that Chun's strongest card was to create a fait accompli. I would not overemphasize the legal context (that is, the specific legal constraints which could or could not have enabled General
Wickham to prevent Chun from making one military move or another), because it did happen on several occasions that some influential American policy-makers, such as Philip Habib or Kissinger, succeeded in dissuading Park Chung Hee from assassinating Kim Dae
Jung or pursuing a nuclear weapon option, not so much because the U.S. had a specific legal basis for such interference but mostly by raw political pressure that Park could not ignore. Both Habib and Kissinger were very tough and no-nonsense guys when it came
to deal with Park, but I would not characterize Gleysteen as such, not least because he tended to disagree with Carter's human rights policy. Such an attitude might have worked in 1980, too, but only if the U.S. could have known in advance that the paratroopers
were to be dispatched to Kwangju and authorized to use lethal force "if necessary." I think that even an advance warning might not have dissuaded Chun from staging his coup, but it might have prevented the tragedy in Kwangju. But once Chun succeeded in dispatching
the paras to Kwangju and stirred up a hornet's nest there, he could justify his actions by pointing at the resulting upheaval. I wonder if he purposefully provoked a localized crisis, or "merely" badly mishandled the situation_terribly badly, in fact.</span></div>
<div style="RIGHT: auto"><span style="RIGHT: auto"></span> </div>
<div style="RIGHT: auto"><span style="RIGHT: auto">All the best,</span></div>
<div style="RIGHT: auto"><span style="RIGHT: auto">Balazs </span></div>
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<b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">From:</span></b> don kirk <<a href="mailto:kirkdon@yahoo.com">kirkdon@yahoo.com</a>><br>
<b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">To:</span></b> Balazs Szalontai <<a href="mailto:aoverl@yahoo.co.uk">aoverl@yahoo.co.uk</a>>; Korean Studies Discussion List <<a href="mailto:koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws">koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</a>>
<br>
<b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Sent:</span></b> Friday, 2 December 2011, 7:03<br>
<b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Subject:</span></b> Re: [KS] U.S. involvement in the Gwangju Uprising<br>
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<td valign="top">Actually, the State Department was trying mightily during that period to curb excesses. Donald Ranard, on the Korea desk, formerly at the U.S. embassy in Seoul, crusaded on the topic. Jimmy Carter, then the US president, was the least likely
US leader to advocate harsh tactics. Shorrock's FOIA request turned up these quotes from the minutes of a meeting chaired by Secy of State Muskie, also a soft-liner: "There was general agreement that the first priority is the restoration of order in Gwangju
by the Korean authorities with the minimum use of force necessary without laying the seeds for wide disorders later. Once order is restored, it was agreed we must press the Korean government, and the military in particular, to allow a greater degree of political
freedom to evolve." Further, Shorrock quoted Ambassador Gleysteen as saying "We did not want the special forces used further" and criticized Chun for ignoring warnings against a "political crackdown" while complaining of "a deliberate effort on the part of
the Chun Doo Hwan group who are determined to manipulate American public opinion."
<br>
Don Kirk<br>
<br>
<br>
--- On <b>Thu, 12/1/11, Balazs Szalontai <i><<a href="mailto:aoverl@yahoo.co.uk">aoverl@yahoo.co.uk</a>></i></b> wrote:<br>
<blockquote style="PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(16,16,255) 2px solid">
<br>
From: Balazs Szalontai <<a href="mailto:aoverl@yahoo.co.uk">aoverl@yahoo.co.uk</a>><br>
Subject: Re: [KS] U.S. involvement in the Gwangju Uprising<br>
To: "Korean Studies Discussion List" <<a href="mailto:koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws">koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</a>><br>
Date: Thursday, December 1, 2011, 1:47 AM<br>
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<div><span>I think that it might not be sufficient to focus solely on the Kwangju events to explain why Gleysteen & Co. adopted such an attitude. After all, on several previous occasions the U.S. government acted otherwise. For instance, in April 1960 the U.S.
disapproved Rhee's use of force against demonstrators, and in 1961 it briefly withheld recognition from Park Chung Hee's junta. NB, in 1960-61 South Korea's economic situation, if compared with North Korea, was far more unfavorable than in 1980, and still
the U.S. did not automatically accept the argument that force should be used for the sake of "security" because of the potential North Korean threat. Let me ask what you found in the U.S. documents about the State Department's and DoD's evaluation of the internal
political situation in the months preceding Chun's May 1980 coup. If these institutions were in an alarmist mood already before Chun's takeover, and criticized student protests, etc., they were more likely to approve both the coup and the suppression of the
Kwangju uprising than to disapprove them. Or it may have been the State Department's general (implicit or explicit) interpretation of post-1960 South Korean history along the following lines: "The brief democratic period in 1960-61 failed to yield considerable
results in political stability and economic development, whereas Park's authoritarian rule did; therefore, dictatorship is better suited for South Korea in general, and for our interests in particular, than an unstable democracy; hence, we should consider
Chun the lesser evil, and hope that he will evolve into a second Park, preferably without the latter's disagreeable actions" (my hypothetical summary). I may be mistaken, however.</span></div>
<div><span></span> </div>
<div><span>All the best,</span></div>
<div><span>Balazs Szalontai </span></div>
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<b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">From:</span></b> "Katsiaficas, George" <<a href="mailto:katsiaficasg@wit.edu">katsiaficasg@wit.edu</a>><br>
<b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">To:</span></b> Korean Studies Discussion List <<a href="mailto:koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws">koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</a>>
<br>
<b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Sent:</span></b> Thursday, 1 December 2011, 9:49<br>
<b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Subject:</span></b> Re: [KS] U.S. involvement in the Gwangju Uprising<br>
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<div style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri, sans-serif">Dear Don and all,</div>
<div style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri, sans-serif"><wbr></div>
<div style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri, sans-serif">If we permit everyone to be judged by the standard of evaluating their actions only by their own self-description, then all prisons would be empty. The US Embassy may or may not have used the word "suppression"
in the hundreds of pages of declassified documents the City of Gwangju received. They are not digitized. If the "restoration of order" is not clear enough (which the White House meeting called for), how about
<span class="ecxyiv1986571508Apple-style-span" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 12px"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">Gleysteen's</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"> meeting with Korean Prime Minister Park
</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">Choong-hoon</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"> i</span></span><span class="ecxyiv1986571508Apple-style-span" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 12px; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">on May 23 in Seoul,</span><span class="ecxyiv1986571508Apple-style-span" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 12px; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"> </span><span class="ecxyiv1986571508Apple-style-span" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 12px; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">when
the US </span><span class="ecxyiv1986571508Apple-style-span" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 12px"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">Ambassador acknowledged that
</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">“</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">firm anti-riot measures were necessary.</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">”</span></span></div>
<div class="ecxyiv1986571508O1" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 11pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.81in; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline; DIRECTION: ltr; LINE-HEIGHT: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri, sans-serif; unicode-bidi: embed; TEXT-ALIGN: left">
<span class="ecxyiv1986571508Apple-style-span" style="FONT-SIZE: 12px">–<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">May 18 Gwangju Democratization Movement Materials</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">, hereafter
GDMM, Gwangju City May 18 Historical Materials Compilation Committee</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"> (</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 굴림">광주광역시</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"> 5-18</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 굴림">사료</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">
</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 굴림">편찬위원회</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">, 5-18
</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 굴림">광주</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">
</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 굴림">민주화운동자료총서</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">), December 17, 1997 p. </span><span class="ecxyiv1986571508Apple-style-span" style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">235 (State Department document 80Seoul
006610)</span><span class="ecxyiv1986571508Apple-style-span" style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">.</span></span></div>
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<span class="ecxyiv1986571508Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Or "subdue the crowds": On May 22, 1980, a US DOD spokesperson stated that US Commanding </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Gen. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Wickham </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">“</span><span class="ecxyiv1986571508Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">has accepted and agreed
to the request by the Korean government to allow the use of certain </span></div>
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<span class="ecxyiv1986571508Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">selected Korean armed forces under his operational control in operations to subdue the crowds."</span></div>
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<wbr></div>
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I could go on but I think, again, if we want the prisons empty, then let's apply universally the standard of </div>
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taking people at their own self-description</div>
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<wbr></div>
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George</div>
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<span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">From: </span>don kirk <<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">kirkdon@yahoo.com</a>><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Reply-To:
</span>Korean Studies Discussion List <<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</a>><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Date:
</span>Tue, 29 Nov 2011 01:07:10 -0800<span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">To: </span>
Korean Studies Discussion List <<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</a>><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Subject:
</span>Re: [KS] U.S. involvement in the Gwangju Uprising</div>
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<div>You're going a step beyond what was said. The U.S. interest, as noted in a message from a long-time observer, was indeed "stability." The U.S. also was no doubt interested in "liberalization of the economy from tight central control" -- a goal actually
that many of the protesters shared. Did the material that Shorrock picked up via FOIA contain the word "suppression" as such or is that your interpretation? The real problem was U.S. analysts, intel people etc. had little comprehension of the forces at work
on either side -- that is, the concerns of the protesters, their willingness to defy central authority, or the extent to which Chun Doo-hwan was willing to go to, yes, "suppress" them. Another far more abstract issue is whether Park, had he been alive, would
have been so blatantly heavy-handed -- or would have been more skilled in going after adjudged foes earlier, thereby "suppressing" dissent and protest before they took over the city. But Park also had shown he was out of touch by bloody suppression of labor
dissent in the industrial centers of Masan and Changwon in the southeast -- a response to a different form of protest.</div>
<div>Don Kirk</div>
<div> </div>
<div>--- On <b>Mon, 11/28/11, Katsiaficas, George <i><<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">katsiaficasg@wit.edu</a>></i></b> wrote:</div>
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From: Katsiaficas, George <<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">katsiaficasg@wit.edu</a>><br>
Subject: Re: [KS] U.S. involvement in the Gwangju Uprising<br>
To: "Korean Studies Discussion List" <<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</a>>, "J.Scott Burgeson" <<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">jsburgeson@yahoo.com</a>><br>
Date: Monday, November 28, 2011, 11:58 PM<br>
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<div style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-FAMILY: Calibri, sans-serif">I suspect that Don Kirk and I would agree that anecdotal evidence based upon experiences in 1980 is not by itself sufficient to evaluate whether or not Washington insisted upon suppression of
the Gwangju Uprising. Not until years later did US government documents become publicly available (thanks to a Freedom of Information Act by citizens of Gwangju and investigation by reporter Tim Shorrock). After reading hundreds of pages of formerly classified
documents, two things became evident to me:</div>
<ol>
<li style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-FAMILY: Calibri, sans-serif">The US did, indeed, insist on suppressing the uprising, especailly then US Ambassador Gleysteen, who mistakenly reported executions and people's courts in Gwangju. The White House meeting at 4
pm on May 22 was the decisive point. At that same time, North Korea, it was noted by Washington, was interested in building a "Rainbow Bridge" to the US.<span class="ecxyiv1986571508Apple-style-span" style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">President Carter told a CNN
interviewer on May 31 that security interests must sometimes override human rights concerns. </span></li><li><font class="ecxyiv1986571508Apple-style-span" style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)" face="Calibri,sans-serif">Gleysteen and New York bankers insisted upon stability and liberalization. Only a few days after the final onslaught against Gwangju, Gleysteen penned an
article for the US Chamber of </font><font class="ecxyiv1986571508Apple-style-span" face="Calibri,sans-serif">Commerce. He stated clearly: "The</font><span class="ecxyiv1986571508Apple-style-span" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 12px"> next crucial step in the country</span><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 12px; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">’</span><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 12px; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">s
economic development —</span><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 12px; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">liberalization of the economy from tight central control to a greater reliance on market forces</span><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 12px; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">—is
one which has been accepted in principle and is being pursued as conditionspermit.</span><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 12px; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">”</span><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 12px; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"> (my emphasis)</span></li></ol>
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<span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">All of this and more (including scans of US declassified documents) is in the Power Point. I encourage people to have a look at the slides. Graduate students on at least four continents have found them useful,
and I suspect so will people</span><span class="ecxyiv1986571508Apple-style-span" style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"> who were in Gwangju and have long years of experience in Korean studies.</span></div>
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Englsih version: <a href="http://eroseffect.com/powerpoints/NeoliberalismGwangju.pdf" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">http://eroseffect.com/powerpoints/NeoliberalismGwangju.pdf</a></div>
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"Neoliberalism and the Gwangju Uprising," an article published by Harvard's Kennedy School
<i>Korea Policy Review </i>is available at: <a href="http://eroseffect.com/articles/neoliberalismgwangju.htm" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">http://eroseffect.com/articles/neoliberalismgwangju.htm</a></div>
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George Katsiaficas </div>
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<span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">From: </span>don kirk <<a href="http://us.mc394.mail.yahoo.com/mc/compose?to=kirkdon%40yahoo.com" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">kirkdon@yahoo.com</a>><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Reply-To:
</span>Korean Studies Discussion List <<a href="http://us.mc394.mail.yahoo.com/mc/compose?to=koreanstudies%40koreaweb.ws" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</a>><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Date:
</span>Mon, 28 Nov 2011 04:00:47 -0800<span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">To: </span>
"J.Scott Burgeson" <<a href="http://us.mc394.mail.yahoo.com/mc/compose?to=jsburgeson%40yahoo.com" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">jsburgeson@yahoo.com</a>>, Korean Studies Discussion List <<a href="http://us.mc394.mail.yahoo.com/mc/compose?to=koreanstudies%40koreaweb.ws" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</a>><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Subject:
</span>Re: [KS] U.S. involvement in the Gwangju Uprising</div>
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<td valign="top">I was in Seoul and Kwangju during that whole period. The U.S. was caught by surprise by the whole thing -- there was no "insistence" on suppressing anything. At the same time, General Wickham made the mistake of rubber-stamping, at the request
of the ROK military, the transfer of Roh Moo-hyun's 20th division from duty under U.S. command near the DMZ to ROK command in or around Gwangju. Wickham had no idea the ROK would then dispatch special forces to Kwangju to suppress the revolt. Obviously the
U.S. command, under Wickham, was too close to the ROK command, out of touch with political and social forces and had no clear comprehension of the significance of what it was doing, much less the takeover of Kwangju and mass protest in Seoul, which I witnessed.
Later, Wickham was unhappy to learn that Chun Doo-hwan (in power but not yet president) used the authorization of transfer to say the U.S. was on his side.
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Don Kirk<br>
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--- On <b>Sun, 11/27/11, J.Scott Burgeson <i><<a href="http://us.mc394.mail.yahoo.com/mc/compose?to=jsburgeson%40yahoo.com" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">jsburgeson@yahoo.com</a>></i></b> wrote:<br>
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From: J.Scott Burgeson <<a href="http://us.mc394.mail.yahoo.com/mc/compose?to=jsburgeson%40yahoo.com" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">jsburgeson@yahoo.com</a>><br>
Subject: Re: [KS] U.S. involvement in the Gwangju Uprising<br>
To: "Korean Studies Discussion List" <<a href="http://us.mc394.mail.yahoo.com/mc/compose?to=koreanstudies%40koreaweb.ws" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</a>><br>
Date: Sunday, November 27, 2011, 9:25 PM<br>
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<div><span class="ecxyiv1986571508Apple-style-span" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">From:</span></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"> "Katsiaficas, George" <</span><a href="http://us.mc394.mail.yahoo.com/mc/compose?to=katsiaficasg%40wit.edu" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">katsiaficasg@wit.edu</span></a><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><br>
</span></div>
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<div style="FONT-FAMILY: times, serif"><font face="Arial"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"></span><b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">To:</span></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"> Korean Studies Discussion List <</span><a href="http://us.mc394.mail.yahoo.com/mc/compose?to=koreanstudies%40koreaweb.ws" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</span></a><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">>;
Balazs Szalontai <</span><a href="http://us.mc394.mail.yahoo.com/mc/compose?to=aoverl%40yahoo.co.uk" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">aoverl@yahoo.co.uk</span></a><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">>
</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><br>
</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><b></b></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"></span><b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">Sent:</span></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"> Saturday, November 26, 2011 11:35 PM</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><br>
</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"></span><b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">Subject:</span></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"> Re: [KS] U.S. involvement in the Gwangju Uprising</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><br>
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<div><i><font class="ecxyiv1986571508Apple-style-span" color="#0000ff"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">A Power Point precisely on topic, is available at:</span></font></i></div>
<div><i><font class="ecxyiv1986571508Apple-style-span" color="#0000ff"><a href="http://eroseffect.com/powerpoints/NeoliberalismGwangju.pdf" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">http://eroseffect.com/powerpoints/NeoliberalismGwangju.pdf</span></a></font></i></div>
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<div><i><font class="ecxyiv1986571508Apple-style-span" color="#0000ff"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">A main argument, now fairly widely accepted in Korea, is that US insistence on the crushing of the Gwangju Uprising, like its support for the coup in Chile
in 1973 and in Turkey later in 1980, was aimed at imposition of neoliberal economic policies.</span></font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"> </span></i></div>
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<div><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">Did the U.S. really "insist" that the Kwangju Uprising be "crushed"? </span></div>
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<div><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">I am by no means an expert on the Kwangju Uprising, but have done enough research and interviewing over the years to know that such irresponsible language is simply not supported by the historical record.</span></div>
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<div><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">Having previously tussled with Dr. Katsiaficas on this Listserve over the 2008 beef protests, I am all too aware how history can easily be rewritten by individuals with a preexisting ideological framework through which
to view such events.</span></div>
<div><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><br>
</span></div>
<div><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">I am no fan of the U.S. military-industrial complex nor neoliberalism. However, I think it only fair to note that Dr. Katsiaficas' Power Point presentation relies on selective quotation and time bending to construct a
narrative that strays dangerously at times into the realm of fiction. I can only imagine how many young students in Korea have seen his presentation, which in its own small way no doubt contributes to more recent phenomena such as the 2008 beef protests.</span></div>
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<div><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">Brother Anthony has already mentioned independent researcher Matt VanVolkenburg in this thread. I include below the original English-language text of part of an interview I did with him for my 2009 book, "더 발칙한 한국학,"
if only because it clearly and concisely addresses the issue of U.S. "complicity" in the "crushing" of the Kwangju Uprising, and directly contradicts a number of statements, or really "suggestions" and "innuendoes," made by Dr. Katsiaficas' in his Power Point
presentation. If nothing else, the presentation should be read by all with a highly skeptical eye.</span></div>
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<div><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"> --Scott Bug</span></div>
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<div><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">버거슨: And what’s your basic position about U.S. involvement, for example? Was the U.S. responsible for it?</span></div>
<div><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">매트밴: Well, you kind of have to look at the micro and macro view. The U.S. probably
</span><i><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">could</span></i><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"> have done something about 전두환 before it happened, like when he had his coup in December of 1979, but their options then were basically either economic sanctions
or military sanctions. But because of the U.S.’s relationship with Korea, especially during the Cold War, that was simply never going to happen. From their point of view, they couldn’t possibly use sanctions or do anything that would weaken South Korea, so
they just had to allow Chun to do as he pleased – though they did protest along the way. One thing that often gets misunderstood is that the paratroopers who were sent to Kwangju – and whose violence set off the Uprising – were never under U.S. control. The
Combined Forces Command, which was headed by U.S. General [John A.] Wickham, had no say in how and when those troops were used. Before the Kwangju Uprising happened, the U.S. knew that special forces troops were being set aside to be used as reinforcements
if student protests got out of hand, but those exact same paratroopers had been used in Busan and Masan right before 박정희 was killed. And, I mean, they might have been a bit violent, but no one had died. There was reason to worry, and the U.S. warned them to
use “care and restraint” when using these troops, but there was nothing in the past that would have suggested the brutality that occurred in Kwangju, which was basically because of completely different orders. In Busan and Masan, they were ordered to just
get people off the streets, but in Kwangju they were ordered to capture protesters – to arrest them – which made things much more brutal. So the U.S. did not have any control over the troops that were sent in initially, and likely did not realize that there
were paratroopers being sent to Kwangju, because the main focus was on what was happening in Seoul. They didn’t realize what was happening in Kwangju for quite a while, and didn’t know the enormity of it for several days – it didn’t hit them till quite a bit
later.</span></div>
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</span></div>
<div><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">Another thing worth noting is that the U.S. did not have to approve or disapprove the use of troops under the joint command. They couldn’t “approve” or “disapprove” – they could just “suggest.” “Oh, if you’re going to
take these troops out, then you should move other troops to replace them.” They </span>
<i><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">did</span></i><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"> need to be notified that they were going to be moved – but they couldn’t approve or disapprove it. But then the problem was that the American Ambassador [William H. Gleysteen,
Jr.] didn’t really understand the use of that language, so he did use the word “approve.” And a number of other people like in the [U.S.] State Department used it in media releases, which really confused things. Also, the Combined Forces Command was notified
on May 16th, two days before the Kwangju Uprising began, that the ROK Army was going to remove the 20th Division from CFC control, and the response was, “Your request is approved.” A book I read seized on this response, saying, basically, “See? The U.S. does
have to approve everything.” </span><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">Except the problem is that General Wickham was in the U.S. at the time, so it couldn’t have been him – it was his Korean second-in-command, 백석주, who gave the response</span></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">.
As for the U.S. allowing the 20th Division to be moved down to Kwangju to end the Uprising, that was a lot of smoke and mirrors on Chun Doo-hwan’s part. The point is, the 20th Division had already been removed from the Combined Forces Command on May 16th,
but then Chun still went about and asked if it was OK to send them down to Kwangju. He didn’t need to do that – he already had them under his command – but I think he did that to make it
</span><i><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">look</span></i><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"> like he needed permission.
</span><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">At the same time, the U.S. asked that fliers be printed up and distributed showing the U.S. position, which called for “calm on both sides,” but Chun did not distribute them – he instead put out an announcement saying
that the U.S. had approved the initial crackdown using the paratroopers.</span></b></div>
<div><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><br>
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<div><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri">So I don’t think the U.S. is to blame for the Uprising, or for the brutality of the paratroopers which set off the Uprising. I’d lay responsibility for that at the feet of Chun Doo-hwan. Perhaps they can be criticized
for not putting more pressure on the Korean military to find a peaceful way to end the Uprising, but at the same time, Chun controlled the press and controlled most of the information coming out of Kwangju, so they may have believed the military’s propaganda
that these “hooligans are running around and they have guns,” and “Oh my God,” so that lack of information may have played into Chun’s hands. But, still, I don’t think they’re completely blameless, especially in how the U.S. embraced Chun after the Uprising.
Because of the need for stability, the U.S. made a decision to back Chun Doo-hwan, essentially saying, “In the short term, support, in the longer term, pressure for political evolution.” Much as when they did little but complain to Chun after his coup in December
of 1979, stability was the most important thing for the U.S. during and after the Kwangju Uprising. So you can certainly criticize that, and many did. For example, Horace G. Underwood III was talking to U.S. Embassy personnel at a meeting in 1980, and saying,
“Chun is wrapping himself in the American flag, and if the U.S. does not do something about it, the U.S. will have hell to pay in the future.”</span></div>
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