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This is all good and fine from a macro view and I see nothing to
disagree with, but numbers and quantification and metrics do not
make history. What is left out is the psychology and emotions that
Vietnam generated in Park, the military, and the populace. No doubt
there were tremendous materiel benefits for SK and other Asian
countries from the war, but the war also had unmeasurable "benefits"
that were recognized then as well for example consolidating national
pride and confidence and providing the military with combat
experience. Since 1953 the only Korean forces, North and South, who
have experienced real combat were the Koreans in Vietnam including a
handful of North Korean fighter pilots. That experience did much to
bolster the competence and confidence of the South Korean Army. This
is not to justify their deployment or to somehow legitimate the
Vietnam War. I for one believe it was a tragic unjust war for the
U.S. and its allies to have gotten involved in, but we should not
always paint everything about the war in broad and condemning
strokes.<br>
<br>
Jiyul Kim<br>
<br>
<br>
On 4/15/2012 10:15 AM, Katsiaficas, George wrote:
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<![endif]--><!--StartFragment--><span style="font-size: 12pt;
font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">The larger context has
bearing on your question. The government of South Korea
received tremendous economic benefits from the Vietnam War. </span><span
style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Park
Chung-hee's grandiose scheme to build heavy industry required
enormous amounts of money</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;
font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">, but he had only limited
domestic sources. As much as he
</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New
Roman'; ">squeezed workers and devalued the currency to
stimulate exports, he still needed farmore capital.</span><span
style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">
</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New
Roman'; ">Between 1953 and 1962, US aid funded 70% of Korea’s
imports and 80% of its fixed capital investments—about 8% of
its GNP.Once the US needed its monies to fight the war in
Vietnam, however, it began to cut back. </span><span
style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">In
order to find new international sources of money, Park
endorsed a key US proposal: closer ROK ties with Japan. </span><span
class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New
Roman'; font-size: 16px; "><span style="font-weight:
normal;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Staunch domestic
opposition to normalization prevented a treaty from simply
being finalized.
</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span"
style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; "><span
style="font-weight:
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and dismissed dozens of professors and students. The US
Combined Forces Commander approved the release of two combat
divisions to suppress the protests. </span></span><span
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thousands of students threatening to storm the Blue House
(the presidentialresidence), Park rammed the treaty through
the rubber stamp legislature of the Third Republic. When the
opposition went on a hunger strike to protest the treaty,
the ruling party took one minute to ratify it, and at the
same time, it also approved sending 20,000 troops to Vietnam
to fight on the side of the US.
</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span"
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indemnified Japan for all its previous actions) and made
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<p class="MsoNormal">Sensing an opportunity to channel
public sentiment against the communist enemy as well as a
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt">second avenue to
raise capital</span>, Park
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">immediately
offered thousands more troops for deployment to Vietnam.</span><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt"> Despite scattered
student protests, war with Vietnam proved less
controversial than his settling of accounts with Japan.
</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Park’s
movement of troops was so fast, that
</span>according to figures released by the US State
Department, there were more South Korean soldiers fighting
in southern Vietnam in 1965 than North Vietnamese.<a
moz-do-not-send="true" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1"
href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span
class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span
style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span
class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span
style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New
Roman'; ">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
South Koreans soldiers were widely reported to be even
more brutal than their US counterparts. At the end of
1969, some 48,000 ROK military personnel were stationed in
Vietnam, and by the time they completed their withdrawal
in 1973, some 300,000 veterans had fought there. ROK
casualties included 4,960 dead and 10,962 wounded. Wars
provide experiences for military officers who go on to
inflict future casualties.
<span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;mso-fareast-language:KO">Lieutenant
No Ri-Bang served in Jeju in 1948 and went to Vietnam.
Future dictators Chun Doo Hwan and Roh Tae-woo served
together in Vietnam, before brutally ruling South Korea
after Park’s assassination in 1979. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">The
economic benefits of military intervention in Vietnam
were extraordinary. From 1965-1970, the South Korean
government received $1.1 billion in payments—about 7% of
GDP and 19% of foreign earnings.<a
moz-do-not-send="true" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3"
href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span
class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span
style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span
class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span
style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times
New Roman'; ">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt">More than 80 Korean
companies did lucrative business in Vietnam—from
transportation to supply, construction to
entertainment—from which the country
</span>accrued another $1 billion for exports to and
services in Vietnam<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt">.
</span>Secret US bonuses paid to Park’s government for
Korean soldiers who fought in Vietnam totaled $185 million
from 1965-1973. When we add all these funds to the $1.1
billion in direct payments, the total US allocations to
Park’s regime amounted to about 30% of the ROK’s foreign
exchange earnings from 1966-1969.<a moz-do-not-send="true"
style="mso-footnote-id:ftn4" href="#_ftn4"
name="_ftnref4" title=""><span
class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span
style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span
class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span
style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New
Roman'; ">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Altogether US aid to South Korea totaled $11 billion by
1973—more than to any other country except South
Vietnam—some 8% of worldwide US military and foreign
monies.<a moz-do-not-send="true"
style="mso-footnote-id:ftn5" href="#_ftn5"
name="_ftnref5" title=""><span
class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span
style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span
class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span
style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New
Roman'; ">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Regimes friendly to the US in Japan, Taiwan, the
Philippines, and Thailand also benefited greatly from the
tidal wave of dollars that flooded the region during the
Vietnam War.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Excerpted from my book, Asia's Unknown
Uprisings: Vol. 1 South Korean Social Movements in the
20th Century</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">George Katsiaficas</p>
<div style="mso-element:footnote-list"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br
clear="all">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%">
<!--[endif]-->
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn1">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a moz-do-not-send="true"
style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="#_ftnref1"
name="_ftn1" title=""><span
class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span
style="font-size:
10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt"><span
style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span
class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span
style="font-size: 10pt; font-family:
'Times New Roman'; ">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt">
See the discussion in the volume I edited, <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">
Vietnam Documents: American and Vietnamese Views
of the War</i> (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1992) p.
63.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn2">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a moz-do-not-send="true"
style="mso-footnote-id:ftn2" href="#_ftnref2"
name="_ftn2" title=""><span
class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span
style="font-size:
10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt"><span
style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span
class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span
style="font-size: 10pt; font-family:
'Times New Roman'; ">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt">
Chae-Jin Lee, pp. 55, 70.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn3">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a moz-do-not-send="true"
style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3" href="#_ftnref3"
name="_ftn3" title=""><span
class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span
style="font-size:
10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt"><span
style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span
class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span
style="font-size: 10pt; font-family:
'Times New Roman'; ">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt">
Cumings, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Korea’s
Place in the Sun</i>, p. 321.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn4">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a moz-do-not-send="true"
style="mso-footnote-id:ftn4" href="#_ftnref4"
name="_ftn4" title=""><span
class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span
style="font-size:
10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt"><span
style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span
class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span
style="font-size: 10pt; font-family:
'Times New Roman'; ">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt">
Martin Hart-Landsberg 1993, 147-8.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn5">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a moz-do-not-send="true"
style="mso-footnote-id:ftn5" href="#_ftnref5"
name="_ftn5" title=""><span
class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span
style="font-size:
10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt"><span
style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span
class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span
style="font-size: 10pt; font-family:
'Times New Roman'; ">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt">
Han Sung-joo, “Korean Politics in an International
Context,” in Korean National Commission for UNESCO
(editor)
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Korean
Politics: Striving for Democracy and Unification</i>
(Elizabeth, NJ: Hollym, 2002) p. 620.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<!--EndFragment--></span>
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</div>
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font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; ">
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BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-TOP: 3pt">
<span style="font-weight:bold">From: </span>don kirk <<a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:kirkdon@yahoo.com">kirkdon@yahoo.com</a>><br>
<span style="font-weight:bold">Reply-To: </span>Korean
Studies Discussion List <<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws">koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</a>><br>
<span style="font-weight:bold">Date: </span>Sat, 14 Apr 2012
15:04:41 -0700<br>
<span style="font-weight:bold">To: </span>Kevin Shepard <<a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:kevin_shepard@yahoo.com">kevin_shepard@yahoo.com</a>>,
Korean Studies Discussion List <<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws">koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</a>><br>
<span style="font-weight:bold">Subject: </span>Re: [KS] Brian
Hwang's Discussion Question<br>
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<td style="font: inherit;" valign="top">The question is
whether or not they got bonuses in order to "volunteer"
for Vietnam. If they got no bonuses, then obviously they
wouldn't be "mercenaries." Even if they got bonuses, it
would be difficult to pin the mercenary label since
soldiers in any army generally get combat pay when
fighting overseas. Also, I'm not sure ordinary draftees
had any say in where they were sent.<br>
All told, 300,000 Koreans served in Vietnam over nearly
a ten-year period. Five thousand of them were KIA, many
more WIA. The White Horse and Tiger divisions were the
principal units. Korean special forces were also in
Vietnam. Those whom I have met are proud to have served
there. Many of them, grizzled old veterans, turn up at
demonstrations in Seoul protesting leftist demos,
NKorean human rights violations, North Korean dynastic
rule etc. They love to wear their old uniforms with
ribbons awarded for Vietnam service, including acts of
individual heroism. <br>
Some of them also talk quite openly about what they did
in Vietnam -- and could provide material supporting your
thesis re "the type of warfare that they had to fight in
Vietnam,<br>
including guerrilla warfare and civilian warfare."
Strongly suggest you come here and interview some while
they're still around. They'd tell you a lot, good and
bad. Sorry to say, one of them once boasted to me of a
personal "body count" of 300 victims -- would doubt if
all of them were "enemy." On the other hand, they were
also known for high levels of efficiency and success in
their AO's.<br>
Good luck on the project.<br>
Don Kirk<br>
<br>
--- On <b>Sat, 4/14/12, Kevin Shepard <i><<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:kevin_shepard@yahoo.com">kevin_shepard@yahoo.com</a>></i></b>
wrote:<br>
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<br>
From: Kevin Shepard <<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:kevin_shepard@yahoo.com">kevin_shepard@yahoo.com</a>><br>
Subject: Re: [KS] Brian Hwang's Discussion Question<br>
To: "<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws">koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</a>"
<<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws">koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</a>><br>
Date: Saturday, April 14, 2012, 1:40 PM<br>
<br>
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<div><span>I think you will be hard-pressed to
justify calling individual soldiers
mercenaries - the Korean government may have
received funds from the US, but ROK soldiers
were drafted into mandatory service. If you
come across documentation that individuals
volunteered for Vietnam in order to receive
funds from the US, please send such
documents to me.
</span></div>
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old style, new york, times, serif;">
<font size="2"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font style="font-family:bookman old style,
new york, times, serif;" size="2">Kevin
Shepard, Ph.D.<br>
Strategist<br>
UNC/CFC/USFK<br>
UCJ 5 Strategy Div.</font></div>
<br>
<div style="font-family:arial, helvetica,
sans-serif;font-size:10pt;">
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york, times, serif;font-size:12pt;">
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<hr size="1">
<b><span style="font-weight:bold;">From:</span></b>
"<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:koreanstudies-request@koreaweb.ws">koreanstudies-request@koreaweb.ws</a>"
<<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:koreanstudies-request@koreaweb.ws">koreanstudies-request@koreaweb.ws</a>><br>
<b><span style="font-weight:bold;">To:</span></b>
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws">
koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</a> <br>
<b><span style="font-weight:bold;">Sent:</span></b>
Sunday, April 15, 2012 1:00 AM<br>
<b><span style="font-weight:bold;">Subject:</span></b>
Koreanstudies Digest, Vol 106, Issue 9<br>
</font></div>
<br>
<br>
Today's Topics:<br>
<br>
1. Discussion Question (<a
moz-do-not-send="true" rel="nofollow"
ymailto="mailto:brianhwang@berkeley.edu"
target="_blank"
href="/mc/compose?to=brianhwang@berkeley.edu">brianhwang@berkeley.edu</a>)<br>
2. March 2012 Issue of "Cross-Currents:
East Asian History and<br>
Culture Review" Available Online
(Center for Korean Studies)<br>
<br>
<br>
----------------------------------------------------------------------<br>
<br>
Message: 1<br>
Date: Fri, 13 Apr 2012 10:15:24 -0700<br>
From: <a moz-do-not-send="true"
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ymailto="mailto:brianhwang@berkeley.edu"
target="_blank"
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brianhwang@berkeley.edu</a><br>
To: <a moz-do-not-send="true"
rel="nofollow"
ymailto="mailto:koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws"
target="_blank"
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koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</a><br>
Subject: [KS] Discussion Question<br>
Message-ID:<br>
<<a moz-do-not-send="true"
rel="nofollow"
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<br>
Hello all:<br>
<br>
I am a history student at University of
California, Berkeley. Currently I<br>
am working on a paper regarding Korean
involvement in the Vietnam War. My<br>
argument is that although Korean soldiers
were 1) mercenaries (because<br>
they were paid predominantly by US dollars
to go) and 2) anti communists<br>
(because of past history), the atrocities
that they are accused of<br>
committing are not primarily due to the
aforementioned reasons, but<br>
because of the type of warfare that they had
to fight in Vietnam,<br>
including guerrilla warfare and civilian
warfare.<br>
<br>
Do you all think this is a valid argument?
Are there any primary sources<br>
that would help me in my argument, including
ones that attribute Korean<br>
atrocities to their mercenary and
anticommunist nature?<br>
<br>
Thank you!<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
------------------------------<br>
<br>
Message: 2<br>
Date: Fri, 13 Apr 2012 11:00:21 -0700<br>
From: "Center for Korean Studies" <<a
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ymailto="mailto:cks@berkeley.edu"
target="_blank"
href="/mc/compose?to=cks@berkeley.edu">cks@berkeley.edu</a>><br>
To: <<a moz-do-not-send="true"
rel="nofollow"
ymailto="mailto:koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws"
target="_blank"
href="/mc/compose?to=koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws">koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</a>><br>
Subject: [KS] March 2012 Issue of
"Cross-Currents: East Asian History<br>
and Culture Review" Available Online<br>
Message-ID: <<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:037401cd199f$4b410820$e1c31860$@berkeley.edu">037401cd199f$4b410820$e1c31860$@berkeley.edu</a>><br>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"<br>
<br>
March 2012 Issue of "Cross-Currents: East
Asian History and Culture Review" now online
<br>
<br>
The second issue of IEAS's new, interactive
e-journal "Cross-Currents: East Asian
History and Culture Review" is now online.
The theme of the March 2012 issue is
"Japanese Imperial Maps as Sources for East
Asian History: The Past and Future of the
Gaih?zu" (guest edited by K?ren Wigen,
professor of History at Stanford). Visit <a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/e-journal/issue-2">
http://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/e-journal/issue-2</a> to read the
articles, a review essay written by Timothy
Cheek (University of British Columbia) about
Ezra Vogel's new book on Deng Xiaoping, and
abstracts of important new scholarship in
Chinese. The March issue of the e-journal
also features a photo essay by Jianhua Gong
documenting Shanghai's longtang alleyways.
<br>
<br>
A joint enterprise of the Research Institute
of Korean Studies at Korea University (RIKS)
and the Institute of East Asian Studies at
the University of California at Berkeley
(IEAS), "Cross-Currents" offers its readers
up-to-date research findings, emerging
trends, and cutting-edge perspectives
concerning East Asian history and culture
from scholars in both English-speaking and
Asian language-speaking academic
communities.
<br>
<br>
<br>
* * ** ** <br>
<br>
<br>
March 2012 issue of "Cross-Currents"
e-journal<br>
(See <a moz-do-not-send="true"
rel="nofollow" target="_blank"
href="http://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/e-journal/issue-2">
http://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/e-journal/issue-2</a>)<br>
<br>
*Co-Editors' Note*<br>
<br>
Building an Online Community of East Asia
Scholars<br>
Sungtaek Cho, Research Institute of Korean
Studies (RIKS), Korea University<br>
Wen-hsin Yeh, Institute of East Asian
Studies (IEAS), University of California,
Berkeley<br>
<br>
*Japanese Imperial Maps as Sources for East
Asian History: The Past and Future of the
Gaihozu*<br>
<br>
Introduction to "Japanese Imperial Maps as
Sources for East Asian History: The Past and
Future of the Gaihozu"<br>
Guest editor K?ren Wigen, Stanford
University<br>
<br>
Japanese Mapping of Asia-Pacific Areas,
1873-1945: An Overview<br>
Shigeru Kobayashi, Osaka University<br>
<br>
Imagining Manmo: Mapping the Russo-Japanese
Boundary Agreements in Manchuria and Inner
Mongolia, 1907-1915<br>
Yoshihisa T. Matsusaka, Wellesley College<br>
<br>
Triangulating Chosen: Maps, Mapmaking, and
the Land Survey in Colonial Korea<br>
David Fedman, Stanford University<br>
<br>
Mapping Economic Development: The South Seas
Government and Sugar Production in Japan's
South Pacific Mandate, 1919--1941<br>
Ti Ngo, University of California, Berkeley<br>
<br>
*Forum*<br>
<br>
Asian Studies/Global Studies: Transcending
Area Studies and Social Sciences<br>
John Lie, University of California,
Berkeley/<br>
<br>
Defenders and Conquerors: The Rhetoric of
Royal Power in Korean Inscriptions from the
Fifth to Seventh Centuries<br>
Hung-gyu Kim, Korea University<br>
<br>
*Review Essays and Notes*<br>
<br>
Of Leaders and Governance: How the Chinese
Dragon Got Its Scales<br>
Timothy Cheek, University of British
Columbia<br>
<br>
A Note on the 40th Anniversary of Nixon's
Visit to China<br>
William C. Kirby, Harvard University<br>
<br>
*Photo Essay*<br>
<br>
"Shanghai Alleyways" by photographer Jianhua
Gong<br>
Essay by Xiaoneng Yang, Stanford University<br>
<br>
*Readings from Asia*<br>
<br>
Ge Zhaoguang , Dwelling in the Middle of the
Country: Reestablishing Histories of "China"
[????:????"??"???]<br>
Abstract by Wennan Liu, Chinese Academy of
Social Sciences<br>
<br>
Wang Qisheng, Revolution and
Counter-Revolution: Republican Politics in
Social-Cultural Scope [???????????????????]<br>
Abstract by Bin Ye, Shanghai Academy of
Social Sciences<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
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