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    Prof. Pettid, your optimism and idealism are admirable and I hope
    they are achievable and will come to being. JK<br>
    <br>
    On 4/16/2012 7:57 PM, Michael Pettid wrote:
    <blockquote
      cite="mid:1334620621.1240.YahooMailNeo@web161302.mail.bf1.yahoo.com"
      type="cite">
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            <div class="yui_3_2_0_19_133461966697381"><span
                class="yui_3_2_0_19_1334619666973177"><span>Mr. Kim,</span><br>
              </span>
              <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt;"><span><br>
                  It is too easy to blame war and violence on some
                  predisposed human condition (and that is
                  very convenient for militaristic governments and
                  individuals who hope to profit from such violence).
                   And preparing for war is surely the best way to
                  prevent it and make the world safe.  We are certainly
                  doing a fine job of that as I write.<br>
                </span></div>
              <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt;"><br>
                <o:p></o:p></div>
              <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt;"><span>I
                  am a premodernist and I teach my students about the
                  futility and uselessness of war and how that damaged
                  the lives of individuals and society.  It is not a
                  human condition as you state, but rather resultant
                  from greed and the desire to take from others what one
                  might not have.  I find it rather amazing that this is
                  something I need to state in academia, but clearly we
                  have a ways to go.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
              <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></div>
            </div>
            <div class="yui_3_2_0_19_133461966697381"><span
                class="yui_3_2_0_19_1334619666973177">Michael J. Pettid<br>
                Professor of Premodern Korean Studies<br>
                Department of Asian and Asian American Studies</span>
              <div><span class="yui_3_2_0_19_1334619666973179">Director,
                  Translation, Research and Instruction Program<br>
                  Binghamton University<br>
                  607.777.3862</span></div>
            </div>
          </div>
        </blockquote>
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        </div>
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          font-size: 12pt;">
          <div style="font-family: times new roman,new york,times,serif;
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            <div dir="ltr"> <font face="Arial" size="2">
                <hr size="1"> <b><span style="font-weight: bold;">From:</span></b>
                Sheila Miyoshi Jager <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:sheila.jager@oberlin.edu"><sheila.jager@oberlin.edu></a><br>
                <b><span style="font-weight: bold;">To:</span></b>
                <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws">koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</a> <br>
                <b><span style="font-weight: bold;">Sent:</span></b>
                Monday, April 16, 2012 8:22 AM<br>
                <b><span style="font-weight: bold;">Subject:</span></b>
                Re: [KS] Brian Hwang's Discussion Question<br>
              </font> </div>
            <br>
            <div id="yiv1775233013">
              <div> Unfortunately war is a necessary evil in the human
                condition. The better you are prepared for it the better
                the chance of preventing it. No one is more anti-war
                then the people who have to fight it if it occurs. You
                can condemn war, and rightfully so, but you can't
                eliminate it. <br>
                <br>
                Jiyul Kim.<br>
                <br>
                On 4/15/2012 7:50 PM, Michael Pettid wrote:
                <blockquote type="cite">
                  <div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color:
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                    york,times,serif; font-size: 12pt;">
                    <div>
                      <div style="font-family:
                        arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span
                          style="font-family: tahoma,times,serif;">Mr.
                          Kim</span></div>
                      <div style="font-family:
                        arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span
                          style="font-family: tahoma,times,serif;"><br>
                        </span></div>
                      <div style="font-family:
                        arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span
                          style="font-family: tahoma,times,serif;"><font>I
                            am happy that you were able to find a silver
                            lining in a war that killed tens of
                            thousands of combatants and many, many more
                            non-combatants.  The war </font>experience<font> that

                            was able to "bolster the competence and
                            confidence" of the SK troops was surely
                            worth such a cost, right?  Wars are
                            the plague of humankind and nothing more
                            than the actions of various governments to
                            achieve their goals.  War must
                            be condemned in whatever fashion necessary.</font></span></div>
                      <div style="font-family:
                        arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><font
                          style="font-family: tahoma,times,serif;"><br>
                        </font></div>
                      <div style="font-family:
                        arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><span
                          style="font-family: tahoma,times,serif;">Michael
                          J. Pettid<br>
                          Professor of Premodern Korean Studies<br>
                          Department of Asian and Asian American Studies</span>
                        <div><span style="font-family:
                            tahoma,times,serif;">Director, Translation,
                            Research and Instruction Program<br>
                            Binghamton University<br>
                            607.777.3862</span></div>
                      </div>
                      <div
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                        style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;
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                        <div
                          class="yiv1775233013yui_3_2_0_26_133413028419761"
                          style="font-family: times,serif;">
                          <div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family:
                              tahoma,times,serif;"></span>
                            <hr size="1"><b style="font-size: 12pt;">From:</b><span
                              style="font-size: 12pt;"> Jiyul Kim <a
                                moz-do-not-send="true" rel="nofollow"
                                class="yiv1775233013moz-txt-link-rfc2396E"
                                ymailto="mailto:jiyulkim@gmail.com"
                                target="_blank"
                                href="mailto:jiyulkim@gmail.com"><jiyulkim@gmail.com></a></span><br>
                            <b style="font-size: 12pt;">To:</b><span
                              style="font-size: 12pt;"> <a
                                moz-do-not-send="true" rel="nofollow"
                                class="yiv1775233013moz-txt-link-abbreviated"
ymailto="mailto:koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws" target="_blank"
                                href="mailto:koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws">koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</a> </span><br>
                            <b style="font-size: 12pt;">Sent:</b><span
                              style="font-size: 12pt;"> Sunday, April
                              15, 2012 12:58 PM</span><br>
                            <b style="font-size: 12pt;">Subject:</b><span
                              style="font-size: 12pt;"> Re: [KS] Brian
                              Hwang's Discussion Question</span><br>
                          </div>
                          <br>
                          <div id="yiv1775233013" style="font-size:
                            12pt;">
                            <div>This is all good and fine from a macro
                              view and I see nothing to disagree with,
                              but numbers and quantification and metrics
                              do not make history. What is left out is
                              the psychology and emotions that Vietnam
                              generated in Park, the military, and the
                              populace. No doubt there were tremendous
                              materiel benefits for SK and other Asian
                              countries from the war, but the war also
                              had unmeasurable "benefits" that were
                              recognized then as well for example
                              consolidating national pride and
                              confidence and providing the military with
                              combat experience. Since 1953 the only
                              Korean forces, North and South, who have
                              experienced real combat were the Koreans
                              in Vietnam including a handful of North
                              Korean fighter pilots. That experience did
                              much to bolster the competence and
                              confidence of the South Korean Army. This
                              is not to justify their deployment or to
                              somehow legitimate the Vietnam War. I for
                              one believe it was a tragic unjust war for
                              the U.S. and its allies to have gotten
                              involved in, but we should not always
                              paint everything about the war in broad
                              and condemning strokes.<br>
                              <br>
                              Jiyul Kim<br>
                              <br>
                              <br>
                              On 4/15/2012 10:15 AM, Katsiaficas, George
                              wrote:
                              <blockquote type="cite">
                                <div
                                  class="yiv1775233013yui_3_2_0_26_133413028419769"
                                  style="font-family:
                                  Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><span
class="yiv1775233013yui_3_2_0_26_1334130284197119" style="font-size:
                                    12pt;">The larger context has
                                    bearing on your question. The
                                    government of South Korea received
                                    tremendous economic benefits from
                                    the Vietnam War. </span><span
                                    class="yiv1775233013yui_3_2_0_26_1334130284197121"
                                    style="font-size: 12pt;">Park
                                    Chung-hee's grandiose scheme to
                                    build heavy industry required
                                    enormous amounts of money</span><span
class="yiv1775233013yui_3_2_0_26_1334130284197123" style="font-size:
                                    12pt;">, but he had only limited
                                    domestic sources. As much as he</span><span
                                    style="font-size: 12pt;">squeezed
                                    workers and devalued the currency to
                                    stimulate exports, he still needed
                                    farmore capital.</span><span
                                    class="yiv1775233013yui_3_2_0_26_1334130284197127"
                                    style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span
                                    style="font-size: 12pt;">Between
                                    1953 and 1962, US aid funded 70% of
                                    Korea’s imports and 80% of its fixed
                                    capital investments—about 8% of its
                                    GNP.Once the US needed its monies to
                                    fight the war in Vietnam, however,
                                    it began to cut back. </span><span
                                    class="yiv1775233013yui_3_2_0_26_1334130284197131"
                                    style="font-size: 12pt;">In order to
                                    find new international sources of
                                    money, Park endorsed a key US
                                    proposal: closer ROK ties with
                                    Japan. </span><span
                                    class="yiv1775233013Apple-style-span"
                                    style="font-size: 16px;">Staunch
                                    domestic opposition to normalization
                                    prevented a treaty from simply being
                                    finalized. </span><span
                                    class="yiv1775233013Apple-style-span
yiv1775233013yui_3_2_0_26_1334130284197137" style="font-size: 16px;">On
                                    June 3, 1964, Park declared martial
                                    law in Seoul and dismissed dozens of
                                    professors and students. The US
                                    Combined Forces Commander approved
                                    the release of two combat divisions
                                    to suppress the protests. </span><span
class="yiv1775233013Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;">Despite
                                    thousands of students threatening to
                                    storm the Blue House (the
                                    presidentialresidence), Park rammed
                                    the treaty through the rubber stamp
                                    legislature of the Third Republic.
                                    When the opposition went on a hunger
                                    strike to protest the treaty, the
                                    ruling party took one minute to
                                    ratify it, and at the same time, it
                                    also approved sending 20,000 troops
                                    to Vietnam to fight on the side of
                                    the US. </span><span
                                    class="yiv1775233013Apple-style-span
yiv1775233013yui_3_2_0_26_1334130284197145" style="font-size: 16px;">In
                                    exchange for normalization of
                                    relations, Japan paid $300 million
                                    in grants (for which Park
                                    indemnified Japan for all its
                                    previous actions) and made available
                                    another half-a-billion dollars in
                                    loans.<span
                                      class="yiv1775233013MsoFootnoteReference"
                                      style="vertical-align: super;"><span
class="yiv1775233013MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span
class="yiv1775233013yui_3_2_0_26_1334130284197151" style="font-size:
                                          12pt;"></span></span></span></span></div>
                                <div><font
                                    class="yiv1775233013Apple-style-span"
                                    face="Times New Roman"><span
                                      class="yiv1775233013Apple-style-span">
                                      <div
                                        class="yiv1775233013MsoBodyText"
                                        style="text-align: left;"
                                        align="left"><span
                                          class="yiv1775233013MsoFootnoteReference"
                                          style="vertical-align: super;"><span
class="yiv1775233013MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"></span></span></div>
                                      <div
                                        class="yiv1775233013MsoNormal">Sensing
                                        an opportunity to channel public
                                        sentiment against the communist
                                        enemy as well as a second avenue
                                        to raise capital,
                                        Park immediately offered
                                        thousands more troops for
                                        deployment to Vietnam. Despite
                                        scattered student protests, war
                                        with Vietnam proved less
                                        controversial than his settling
                                        of accounts with Japan. Park’s
                                        movement of troops was so fast,
                                        that according to figures
                                        released by the US State
                                        Department, there were more
                                        South Korean soldiers fighting
                                        in southern Vietnam in 1965 than
                                        North Vietnamese.<a
                                          moz-do-not-send="true"
                                          rel="nofollow" target="_blank"
href="http://us.mg6.mail.yahoo.com/neo/#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span
class="yiv1775233013MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span
class="yiv1775233013MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span
                                                style="font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a> South

                                        Koreans soldiers were widely
                                        reported to be even more brutal
                                        than their US counterparts. At
                                        the end of 1969, some 48,000 ROK
                                        military personnel were
                                        stationed in Vietnam, and by the
                                        time they completed their
                                        withdrawal in 1973, some 300,000
                                        veterans had fought there. ROK
                                        casualties included 4,960 dead
                                        and 10,962 wounded. Wars provide
                                        experiences for military
                                        officers who go on to inflict
                                        future casualties. Lieutenant No
                                        Ri-Bang served in Jeju in 1948
                                        and went to Vietnam. Future
                                        dictators Chun Doo Hwan and Roh
                                        Tae-woo served together in
                                        Vietnam, before brutally ruling
                                        South Korea after Park’s
                                        assassination in 1979.</div>
                                      <div
                                        class="yiv1775233013MsoNormal"> </div>
                                      <div
                                        class="yiv1775233013MsoNormal">The

                                        economic benefits of military
                                        intervention in Vietnam were
                                        extraordinary. From 1965-1970,
                                        the South Korean government
                                        received $1.1 billion in
                                        payments—about 7% of GDP and 19%
                                        of foreign earnings.<a
                                          moz-do-not-send="true"
                                          rel="nofollow" target="_blank"
href="http://us.mg6.mail.yahoo.com/neo/#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span
class="yiv1775233013MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span
class="yiv1775233013MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span
                                                style="font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a> More

                                        than 80 Korean companies did
                                        lucrative business in
                                        Vietnam—from transportation to
                                        supply, construction to
                                        entertainment—from which the
                                        country accrued another $1
                                        billion for exports to and
                                        services in Vietnam. Secret US
                                        bonuses paid to Park’s
                                        government for Korean soldiers
                                        who fought in Vietnam totaled
                                        $185 million from 1965-1973.
                                        When we add all these funds to
                                        the $1.1 billion in direct
                                        payments, the total US
                                        allocations to Park’s regime
                                        amounted to about 30% of the
                                        ROK’s foreign exchange earnings
                                        from 1966-1969.<a
                                          moz-do-not-send="true"
                                          rel="nofollow" target="_blank"
href="http://us.mg6.mail.yahoo.com/neo/#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span
class="yiv1775233013MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span
class="yiv1775233013MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span
                                                style="font-size: 12pt;">[4]</span></span></span></a> Altogether

                                        US aid to South Korea totaled
                                        $11 billion by 1973—more than to
                                        any other country except South
                                        Vietnam—some 8% of worldwide US
                                        military and foreign monies.<a
                                          moz-do-not-send="true"
                                          rel="nofollow" target="_blank"
href="http://us.mg6.mail.yahoo.com/neo/#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span
class="yiv1775233013MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span
class="yiv1775233013MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span
                                                style="font-size: 12pt;">[5]</span></span></span></a> Regimes

                                        friendly to the US in Japan,
                                        Taiwan, the Philippines, and
                                        Thailand also benefited greatly
                                        from the tidal wave of dollars
                                        that flooded the region during
                                        the Vietnam War.</div>
                                      <div
                                        class="yiv1775233013MsoNormal"><br>
                                      </div>
                                      <div
                                        class="yiv1775233013MsoNormal">Excerpted

                                        from my book, Asia's Unknown
                                        Uprisings: Vol. 1 South Korean
                                        Social Movements in the 20th
                                        Century</div>
                                      <div
                                        class="yiv1775233013MsoNormal"><br>
                                      </div>
                                      <div
                                        class="yiv1775233013MsoNormal">George

                                        Katsiaficas</div>
                                      <div><br clear="all">
                                        <hr align="left" size="1"
                                          width="33%">
                                        <div id="yiv1775233013ftn1">
                                          <div
                                            class="yiv1775233013MsoFootnoteText"
                                            style="margin: 0in 0in
                                            0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;"><a
                                              moz-do-not-send="true"
                                              rel="nofollow"
                                              target="_blank"
                                              href="http://us.mg6.mail.yahoo.com/neo/#_ftnref1"
                                              name="_ftn1" title=""><span
class="yiv1775233013MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span
                                                  style="font-size:
                                                  10pt;"><span
                                                    class="yiv1775233013MsoFootnoteReference"
                                                    style="vertical-align:
                                                    super;"><span
                                                      class="yiv1775233013yui_3_2_0_26_1334130284197209"
                                                      style="font-size:
                                                      10pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a><span
                                              style="font-size: 10pt;"> See
                                              the discussion in the
                                              volume I edited, <i>Vietnam

                                                Documents: American and
                                                Vietnamese Views of the
                                                War</i> (Armonk, NY:
                                              M.E. Sharpe, 1992) p. 63.</span></div>
                                        </div>
                                        <div id="yiv1775233013ftn2">
                                          <div
                                            class="yiv1775233013MsoFootnoteText"
                                            style="margin: 0in 0in
                                            0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;"><a
                                              moz-do-not-send="true"
                                              rel="nofollow"
                                              target="_blank"
                                              href="http://us.mg6.mail.yahoo.com/neo/#_ftnref2"
                                              name="_ftn2" title=""><span
class="yiv1775233013MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span
                                                  style="font-size:
                                                  10pt;"><span
                                                    class="yiv1775233013MsoFootnoteReference"
                                                    style="vertical-align:
                                                    super;"><span
                                                      class="yiv1775233013yui_3_2_0_26_1334130284197221"
                                                      style="font-size:
                                                      10pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a><span
                                              style="font-size: 10pt;"> Chae-Jin

                                              Lee, pp. 55, 70.</span></div>
                                        </div>
                                        <div id="yiv1775233013ftn3">
                                          <div
                                            class="yiv1775233013MsoFootnoteText"
                                            style="margin: 0in 0in
                                            0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;"><a
                                              moz-do-not-send="true"
                                              rel="nofollow"
                                              target="_blank"
                                              href="http://us.mg6.mail.yahoo.com/neo/#_ftnref3"
                                              name="_ftn3" title=""><span
class="yiv1775233013MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span
                                                  style="font-size:
                                                  10pt;"><span
                                                    class="yiv1775233013MsoFootnoteReference"
                                                    style="vertical-align:
                                                    super;"><span
                                                      class="yiv1775233013yui_3_2_0_26_1334130284197231"
                                                      style="font-size:
                                                      10pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a><span
                                              style="font-size: 10pt;"> Cumings, <i>Korea’s

                                                Place in the Sun</i>, p.
                                              321.</span></div>
                                        </div>
                                        <div id="yiv1775233013ftn4">
                                          <div
                                            class="yiv1775233013MsoFootnoteText"
                                            style="margin: 0in 0in
                                            0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;"><a
                                              moz-do-not-send="true"
                                              rel="nofollow"
                                              target="_blank"
                                              href="http://us.mg6.mail.yahoo.com/neo/#_ftnref4"
                                              name="_ftn4" title=""><span
class="yiv1775233013MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span
                                                  style="font-size:
                                                  10pt;"><span
                                                    class="yiv1775233013MsoFootnoteReference"
                                                    style="vertical-align:
                                                    super;"><span
                                                      class="yiv1775233013yui_3_2_0_26_1334130284197243"
                                                      style="font-size:
                                                      10pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a><span
                                              style="font-size: 10pt;"> Martin

                                              Hart-Landsberg 1993,
                                              147-8.</span></div>
                                        </div>
                                        <div id="yiv1775233013ftn5">
                                          <div
                                            class="yiv1775233013MsoFootnoteText"
                                            style="margin: 0in 0in
                                            0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt;"><a
                                              moz-do-not-send="true"
                                              rel="nofollow"
                                              target="_blank"
                                              href="http://us.mg6.mail.yahoo.com/neo/#_ftnref5"
                                              name="_ftn5" title=""><span
class="yiv1775233013MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span
                                                  style="font-size:
                                                  10pt;"><span
                                                    class="yiv1775233013MsoFootnoteReference"
                                                    style="vertical-align:
                                                    super;"><span
                                                      class="yiv1775233013yui_3_2_0_26_1334130284197253"
                                                      style="font-size:
                                                      10pt;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a><span
                                              style="font-size: 10pt;"> Han

                                              Sung-joo, “Korean Politics
                                              in an International
                                              Context,” in Korean
                                              National Commission for
                                              UNESCO (editor) <i>Korean
                                                Politics: Striving for
                                                Democracy and
                                                Unification</i> (Elizabeth,

                                              NJ: Hollym, 2002) p. 620.</span></div>
                                        </div>
                                      </div>
                                    </span>
                                    <div><br>
                                    </div>
                                  </font></div>
                                <span
                                  id="yiv1775233013OLK_SRC_BODY_SECTION"
class="yiv1775233013yui_3_2_0_26_1334130284197259" style="font-family:
                                  Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">
                                  <div
                                    class="yiv1775233013yui_3_2_0_26_133413028419787"
                                    style="font-family: Calibri;
                                    font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;
                                    border-width: 1pt medium medium;
                                    border-style: solid none none;
                                    padding: 3pt 0in 0in; border-top:
                                    1pt solid rgb(181, 196, 223);"><span
                                      style="font-weight: bold;">From: </span>don

                                    kirk <<a moz-do-not-send="true"
                                      rel="nofollow"
                                      ymailto="mailto:kirkdon@yahoo.com"
                                      target="_blank"
                                      href="mailto:kirkdon@yahoo.com">kirkdon@yahoo.com</a>><br>
                                    <span style="font-weight: bold;">Reply-To: </span>Korean

                                    Studies Discussion List <<a
                                      moz-do-not-send="true"
                                      rel="nofollow"
                                      ymailto="mailto:koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws"
                                      target="_blank"
                                      href="mailto:koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws">koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</a>><br>
                                    <span style="font-weight: bold;">Date: </span>Sat,

                                    14 Apr 2012 15:04:41 -0700<br>
                                    <span style="font-weight: bold;">To: </span>Kevin

                                    Shepard <<a
                                      moz-do-not-send="true"
                                      rel="nofollow"
                                      ymailto="mailto:kevin_shepard@yahoo.com"
                                      target="_blank"
                                      href="mailto:kevin_shepard@yahoo.com">kevin_shepard@yahoo.com</a>>,

                                    Korean Studies Discussion List <<a
                                      moz-do-not-send="true"
                                      rel="nofollow"
                                      ymailto="mailto:koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws"
                                      target="_blank"
                                      href="mailto:koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws">koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</a>><br>
                                    <span style="font-weight: bold;">Subject: </span>Re:

                                    [KS] Brian Hwang's Discussion
                                    Question<br>
                                  </div>
                                  <div><br>
                                  </div>
                                  <table border="0" cellpadding="0"
                                    cellspacing="0">
                                    <tbody>
                                      <tr>
                                        <td style="font: inherit;"
                                          valign="top">The question is
                                          whether or not they got
                                          bonuses in order to
                                          "volunteer" for Vietnam. If
                                          they got no bonuses, then
                                          obviously they wouldn't be
                                          "mercenaries." Even if they
                                          got bonuses, it would be
                                          difficult to pin the mercenary
                                          label since soldiers in any
                                          army generally get combat pay
                                          when fighting overseas. Also,
                                          I'm not sure ordinary draftees
                                          had any say in where they were
                                          sent.<br>
                                           All told, 300,000 Koreans
                                          served in Vietnam over nearly
                                          a ten-year period. Five
                                          thousand of them were KIA,
                                          many more WIA. The White Horse
                                          and Tiger divisions were the
                                          principal units. Korean
                                          special forces were also in
                                          Vietnam. Those whom I have met
                                          are proud to have served
                                          there. Many of them, grizzled
                                          old veterans, turn up at
                                          demonstrations in Seoul
                                          protesting leftist demos,
                                          NKorean human rights
                                          violations, North Korean
                                          dynastic rule etc. They love
                                          to wear their old uniforms
                                          with ribbons awarded for
                                          Vietnam service, including
                                          acts of individual heroism. <br>
                                          Some of them also talk quite
                                          openly about what they did in
                                          Vietnam -- and could provide
                                          material supporting your
                                          thesis re "the type of warfare
                                          that they had to fight in
                                          Vietnam,<br>
                                          including guerrilla warfare
                                          and civilian warfare."
                                          Strongly suggest you come here
                                          and interview some while
                                          they're still around. They'd
                                          tell you a lot, good and bad.
                                          Sorry to say, one of them once
                                          boasted to me of a personal
                                          "body count" of 300 victims --
                                          would doubt if all of them
                                          were "enemy." On the other
                                          hand, they were also known for
                                          high levels of efficiency and
                                          success in their AO's.<br>
                                          Good luck on the project.<br>
                                          Don Kirk<br>
                                          <br>
                                          --- On <b>Sat, 4/14/12, Kevin
                                            Shepard <i><<a
                                                moz-do-not-send="true"
                                                rel="nofollow"
                                                ymailto="mailto:kevin_shepard@yahoo.com"
                                                target="_blank"
                                                href="mailto:kevin_shepard@yahoo.com">kevin_shepard@yahoo.com</a>></i></b> wrote:<br>
                                          <blockquote
                                            style="margin-left: 5px;
                                            border-left: 2px solid
                                            rgb(16, 16, 255);
                                            padding-left: 5px;"><br>
                                            From: Kevin Shepard <<a
                                              moz-do-not-send="true"
                                              rel="nofollow"
                                              ymailto="mailto:kevin_shepard@yahoo.com"
                                              target="_blank"
                                              href="mailto:kevin_shepard@yahoo.com">kevin_shepard@yahoo.com</a>><br>
                                            Subject: Re: [KS] Brian
                                            Hwang's Discussion Question<br>
                                            To: "<a
                                              moz-do-not-send="true"
                                              rel="nofollow"
                                              ymailto="mailto:koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws"
                                              target="_blank"
                                              href="mailto:koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws">koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</a>"
                                            <<a
                                              moz-do-not-send="true"
                                              rel="nofollow"
                                              ymailto="mailto:koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws"
                                              target="_blank"
                                              href="mailto:koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws">koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</a>><br>
                                            Date: Saturday, April 14,
                                            2012, 1:40 PM<br>
                                            <br>
                                            <div id="yiv1775233013">
                                              <div
                                                class="yiv1775233013yui_3_2_0_26_133413028419795"
                                                style="font-family:
                                                arial,helvetica,sans-serif;
                                                font-size: 10pt;">
                                                <div>I think you will be
                                                  hard-pressed to
                                                  justify calling
                                                  individual soldiers
                                                  mercenaries - the
                                                  Korean government may
                                                  have received funds
                                                  from the US, but ROK
                                                  soldiers were drafted
                                                  into mandatory
                                                  service. If you come
                                                  across documentation
                                                  that individuals
                                                  volunteered for
                                                  Vietnam in order to
                                                  receive funds from the
                                                  US, please send such
                                                  documents to me.</div>
                                                <div
                                                  class="yiv1775233013yui_3_2_0_26_133413028419799"
                                                  style="font-family:
                                                  times,serif;
                                                  text-align: left;"><font
                                                    size="2"><br>
                                                  </font></div>
                                                <div><font
                                                    class="yiv1775233013yui_3_2_0_26_1334130284197275"
                                                    style="font-family:
                                                    times,serif;"
                                                    size="2">Kevin
                                                    Shepard, Ph.D.<br>
                                                    Strategist<br>
                                                    UNC/CFC/USFK<br>
                                                    UCJ 5 Strategy Div.</font></div>
                                                <br>
                                                <div
                                                  class="yiv1775233013yui_3_2_0_26_1334130284197103"
                                                  style="font-size:
                                                  10pt;">
                                                  <div
                                                    class="yiv1775233013yui_3_2_0_26_1334130284197105"
                                                    style="font-family:
                                                    times,serif;
                                                    font-size: 12pt;">
                                                    <div dir="ltr"><font
                                                        face="Arial"
                                                        size="2">
                                                        <hr size="1"><b>From:</b> "<a
moz-do-not-send="true" rel="nofollow"
                                                          ymailto="mailto:koreanstudies-request@koreaweb.ws"
target="_blank" href="mailto:koreanstudies-request@koreaweb.ws">koreanstudies-request@koreaweb.ws</a>"
                                                        <<a
                                                          moz-do-not-send="true"
                                                          rel="nofollow"
ymailto="mailto:koreanstudies-request@koreaweb.ws" target="_blank"
                                                          href="mailto:koreanstudies-request@koreaweb.ws">koreanstudies-request@koreaweb.ws</a>><br>
                                                        <b>To:</b> <a
                                                          moz-do-not-send="true"
                                                          rel="nofollow"
ymailto="mailto:koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws" target="_blank"
                                                          href="mailto:koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws">koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</a> <br>
                                                        <b>Sent:</b> Sunday,
                                                        April 15, 2012
                                                        1:00 AM<br>
                                                        <b>Subject:</b> Koreanstudies

                                                        Digest, Vol 106,
                                                        Issue 9<br>
                                                      </font></div>
                                                    <br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    Today's Topics:<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                      1. Discussion
                                                    Question (<a
                                                      moz-do-not-send="true"
                                                      rel="nofollow">brianhwang@berkeley.edu</a>)<br>
                                                      2. March 2012
                                                    Issue of
                                                    "Cross-Currents:
                                                    East Asian History
                                                    and<br>
                                                          Culture
                                                    Review" Available
                                                    Online (Center for
                                                    Korean Studies)<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    <br>
----------------------------------------------------------------------<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    Message: 1<br>
                                                    Date: Fri, 13 Apr
                                                    2012 10:15:24 -0700<br>
                                                    From: <a
                                                      moz-do-not-send="true"
                                                      rel="nofollow">brianhwang@berkeley.edu</a><br>
                                                    To: <a
                                                      moz-do-not-send="true"
                                                      rel="nofollow">koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</a><br>
                                                    Subject: [KS]
                                                    Discussion Question<br>
                                                    Message-ID:<br>
                                                        <<a
                                                      moz-do-not-send="true"
                                                      rel="nofollow">7cb59ce69b486f3c15e6bba3e396a6d4.squirrel@calmail.berkeley.edu</a>><br>
                                                    Content-Type:
                                                    text/plain;charset=utf-8<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    Hello all:<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    I am a history
                                                    student at
                                                    University of
                                                    California,
                                                    Berkeley. Currently
                                                    I<br>
                                                    am working on a
                                                    paper regarding
                                                    Korean involvement
                                                    in the Vietnam War.
                                                    My<br>
                                                    argument is that
                                                    although Korean
                                                    soldiers were 1)
                                                    mercenaries (because<br>
                                                    they were paid
                                                    predominantly by US
                                                    dollars to go) and
                                                    2) anti communists<br>
                                                    (because of past
                                                    history), the
                                                    atrocities that they
                                                    are accused of<br>
                                                    committing are not
                                                    primarily due to the
                                                    aforementioned
                                                    reasons, but<br>
                                                    because of the type
                                                    of warfare that they
                                                    had to fight in
                                                    Vietnam,<br>
                                                    including guerrilla
                                                    warfare and civilian
                                                    warfare.<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    Do you all think
                                                    this is a valid
                                                    argument? Are there
                                                    any primary sources<br>
                                                    that would help me
                                                    in my argument,
                                                    including ones that
                                                    attribute Korean<br>
                                                    atrocities to their
                                                    mercenary and
                                                    anticommunist
                                                    nature?<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    Thank you!<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    <br>
------------------------------<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    Message: 2<br>
                                                    Date: Fri, 13 Apr
                                                    2012 11:00:21 -0700<br>
                                                    From: "Center for
                                                    Korean Studies" <<a
moz-do-not-send="true" rel="nofollow">cks@berkeley.edu</a>><br>
                                                    To: <<a
                                                      moz-do-not-send="true"
                                                      rel="nofollow">koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</a>><br>
                                                    Subject: [KS] March
                                                    2012 Issue of
                                                    "Cross-Currents:
                                                    East Asian History<br>
                                                        and    Culture
                                                    Review" Available
                                                    Online<br>
                                                    Message-ID: <<a
                                                      moz-do-not-send="true"
                                                      rel="nofollow"
                                                      ymailto="mailto:037401cd199f$4b410820$e1c31860$@berkeley.edu"
                                                      target="_blank"
                                                      href="mailto:037401cd199f$4b410820$e1c31860$@berkeley.edu">037401cd199f$4b410820$e1c31860$@berkeley.edu</a>><br>
                                                    Content-Type:
                                                    text/plain;
                                                    charset="utf-8"<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    March 2012 Issue of
                                                    "Cross-Currents:
                                                    East Asian History
                                                    and Culture Review"
                                                    now online <br>
                                                      <br>
                                                    The second issue of
                                                    IEAS's new,
                                                    interactive
                                                    e-journal
                                                    "Cross-Currents:
                                                    East Asian History
                                                    and Culture Review"
                                                    is now online. The
                                                    theme of the March
                                                    2012 issue is
                                                    "Japanese Imperial
                                                    Maps as Sources for
                                                    East Asian History:
                                                    The Past and Future
                                                    of the Gaih?zu"
                                                    (guest edited by
                                                    K?ren Wigen,
                                                    professor of History
                                                    at Stanford). Visit <a
moz-do-not-send="true" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"
                                                      href="http://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/e-journal/issue-2">http://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/e-journal/issue-2</a> to

                                                    read the articles, a
                                                    review essay written
                                                    by Timothy Cheek
                                                    (University of
                                                    British Columbia)
                                                    about Ezra Vogel's
                                                    new book on Deng
                                                    Xiaoping, and
                                                    abstracts of
                                                    important new
                                                    scholarship in
                                                    Chinese. The March
                                                    issue of the
                                                    e-journal also
                                                    features a photo
                                                    essay by Jianhua
                                                    Gong documenting
                                                    Shanghai's longtang
                                                    alleyways. <br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    A joint enterprise
                                                    of the Research
                                                    Institute of Korean
                                                    Studies at Korea
                                                    University (RIKS)
                                                    and the Institute of
                                                    East Asian Studies
                                                    at the University of
                                                    California at
                                                    Berkeley (IEAS),
                                                    "Cross-Currents"
                                                    offers its readers
                                                    up-to-date research
                                                    findings, emerging
                                                    trends, and
                                                    cutting-edge
                                                    perspectives
                                                    concerning East
                                                    Asian history and
                                                    culture from
                                                    scholars in both
                                                    English-speaking and
                                                    Asian
                                                    language-speaking
                                                    academic
                                                    communities. <br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    * * ** ** <br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    March 2012 issue of
                                                    "Cross-Currents"
                                                    e-journal<br>
                                                    (See <a
                                                      moz-do-not-send="true"
                                                      rel="nofollow"
                                                      target="_blank"
                                                      href="http://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/e-journal/issue-2">http://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/e-journal/issue-2</a>)<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    *Co-Editors' Note*<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    Building an Online
                                                    Community of East
                                                    Asia Scholars<br>
                                                    Sungtaek Cho,
                                                    Research Institute
                                                    of Korean Studies
                                                    (RIKS), Korea
                                                    University<br>
                                                    Wen-hsin Yeh,
                                                    Institute of East
                                                    Asian Studies
                                                    (IEAS), University
                                                    of California,
                                                    Berkeley<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    *Japanese Imperial
                                                    Maps as Sources for
                                                    East Asian History:
                                                    The Past and Future
                                                    of the Gaihozu*<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    Introduction to
                                                    "Japanese Imperial
                                                    Maps as Sources for
                                                    East Asian History:
                                                    The Past and Future
                                                    of the Gaihozu"<br>
                                                    Guest editor K?ren
                                                    Wigen, Stanford
                                                    University<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    Japanese Mapping of
                                                    Asia-Pacific Areas,
                                                    1873-1945: An
                                                    Overview<br>
                                                    Shigeru Kobayashi,
                                                    Osaka University<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    Imagining Manmo:
                                                    Mapping the
                                                    Russo-Japanese
                                                    Boundary Agreements
                                                    in Manchuria and
                                                    Inner Mongolia,
                                                    1907-1915<br>
                                                    Yoshihisa T.
                                                    Matsusaka, Wellesley
                                                    College<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    Triangulating
                                                    Chosen: Maps,
                                                    Mapmaking, and the
                                                    Land Survey in
                                                    Colonial Korea<br>
                                                    David Fedman,
                                                    Stanford University<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    Mapping Economic
                                                    Development: The
                                                    South Seas
                                                    Government and Sugar
                                                    Production in
                                                    Japan's South
                                                    Pacific Mandate,
                                                    1919--1941<br>
                                                    Ti Ngo, University
                                                    of California,
                                                    Berkeley<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    *Forum*<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    Asian Studies/Global
                                                    Studies:
                                                    Transcending Area
                                                    Studies and Social
                                                    Sciences<br>
                                                    John Lie, University
                                                    of California,
                                                    Berkeley/<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    Defenders and
                                                    Conquerors: The
                                                    Rhetoric of Royal
                                                    Power in Korean
                                                    Inscriptions from
                                                    the Fifth to Seventh
                                                    Centuries<br>
                                                    Hung-gyu Kim, Korea
                                                    University<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    *Review Essays and
                                                    Notes*<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    Of Leaders and
                                                    Governance: How the
                                                    Chinese Dragon Got
                                                    Its Scales<br>
                                                    Timothy Cheek,
                                                    University of
                                                    British Columbia<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    A Note on the 40th
                                                    Anniversary of
                                                    Nixon's Visit to
                                                    China<br>
                                                    William C. Kirby,
                                                    Harvard University<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    *Photo Essay*<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    "Shanghai Alleyways"
                                                    by photographer
                                                    Jianhua Gong<br>
                                                    Essay by Xiaoneng
                                                    Yang, Stanford
                                                    University<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    *Readings from Asia*<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    Ge Zhaoguang ,
                                                    Dwelling in the
                                                    Middle of the
                                                    Country:
                                                    Reestablishing
                                                    Histories of "China"
                                                    [????:????"??"???]<br>
                                                    Abstract by Wennan
                                                    Liu, Chinese Academy
                                                    of Social Sciences<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    Wang Qisheng,
                                                    Revolution and
                                                    Counter-Revolution:
                                                    Republican Politics
                                                    in Social-Cultural
                                                    Scope
                                                    [???????????????????]<br>
                                                    Abstract by Bin Ye,
                                                    Shanghai Academy of
                                                    Social Sciences<br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    <br>
                                                    <br>
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                                                    <br>
                                                    End of Koreanstudies
                                                    Digest, Vol 106,
                                                    Issue 9<br>
*********************************************<br>
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