<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" ><tr><td valign="top" style="font: inherit;"><DIV>You're aware no doubt of the presence of 1.1 million or so troops up there above the DMZ. The South Korean army is about half that size -- and has far fewer submarines, less artillery, no nukes and far fewer missiles. They've cut the time in service, but how should they maintain what they've got without the draft? </DIV>
<DIV>Don Kirk-<BR><BR>--- On <B>Tue, 4/17/12, Jim Thomas <I><jimpthomas@hotmail.com></I></B> wrote:<BR></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE style="PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(16,16,255) 2px solid"><BR>From: Jim Thomas <jimpthomas@hotmail.com><BR>Subject: [KS] ROK military hazing<BR>To: "Korean Studies Discussion List" <koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws><BR>Date: Tuesday, April 17, 2012, 4:04 PM<BR><BR>
<DIV id=yiv1451470237>
<STYLE><!--
#yiv1451470237 .yiv1451470237hmmessage P
{
margin:0px;padding:0px;}
#yiv1451470237 body.yiv1451470237hmmessage
{
font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;}
--></STYLE>
<DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr>(Following on Michael's point)<BR>Unfortunately, the hazing still goes on and remains unreported, according to informants (among my students) who served in the ROK military over the last decade or so. Any direction on published documentary material about this would be most appreciated.<BR> <BR>Speaking of intimidation, one can only image what sorts of threats and intimidation were used for troops who were deployed to Kwangju in May, 1980--not that that justified their actions.<BR> <BR>And I assume you have all heard the exprssion:<BR>"There are three kinds of Korean males <EM>(namja):</EM> Those who have done their military service, those who are serving, and those who will serve in the future..." Quite an indictment on mililitarized society, where little can change as long as conscription remains.<BR>best,<BR>jim<BR> <BR>
<DIV>
<DIV id=yiv1451470237SkyDrivePlaceholder></DIV>
<HR id=yiv1451470237stopSpelling>
Date: Tue, 17 Apr 2012 01:33:10 -0700<BR>From: mjcgibb@yahoo.com<BR>To: koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws<BR>Subject: Re: [KS] Brian Hwang's Discussion Question<BR><BR>
<DIV style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #000; FONT-FAMILY: tahoma, new york, times, serif; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #fff">
<DIV><SPAN>Dear all,</SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN>I asked my father-in-law last night why he went to Vietnam as part of a contingent of South Korean troops during his mandatory military service. He volunteered to go, he said, because he was sick of the beatings he was receiving courtesy of his South Korean army seniors. He thought life in Vietnam could not possibly be worse than the horrendous conditions (hazing) he was experiencing as a conscript in Korea. His mates who volunteered at the same time did so for similar reasons, he said. Vietnam offered a way out of the hell of 1960s military service in Korea, he said.</SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN><BR></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Cheers</SPAN><BR></DIV>
<DIV>Michael</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: tahoma, times, serif">
<DIV style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: times, serif">
<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face=Arial size=2>
<HR SIZE=1>
<B><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">From:</SPAN></B> Balazs Szalontai <aoverl@yahoo.co.uk><BR><B><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">To:</SPAN></B> Michael Pettid <mjpettid2000@yahoo.com>; Korean Studies Discussion List <koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws> <BR><B><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Sent:</SPAN></B> Tuesday, April 17, 2012 9:12 AM<BR><B><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Subject:</SPAN></B> Re: [KS] Brian Hwang's Discussion Question<BR></FONT></DIV><BR>
<DIV id=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415>
<TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=top>Dear George, Jiyul and all,<BR><BR>I think that we need to pay close attentions to the stages of South Korean military involvement in Vietnam if we are to specify which were Park Chung Hee's primary and secondary motives for sending ROKA troops to Vietnam. I do agree with the point that the economic benefits thus gained were substantial, to put it mildly, and new combat experience for the ROKA also must have mattered a lot. Still, these considerations do not satisfactorily explain why Park, instead of trying to maximize these benefits by fulfilling each American request for ROKA troops, put a ceiling to the deployments in November 1966, and refused to send additional troops in 1967-68, no matter how persistently the U.S. asked for them. To be sure, the North Korean commando raids that started in November 1966 probably influenced his decision, but since at first he tended to downplay their importance, and later responded to them by
launching counter-raids, a fear of the North might not be a sufficient explanation. Thus I consider it likely that his primary motives for the troop deployment were to (1) secure a U.S. commitment to the defense of the ROK, such as a pledge not to withdraw US troops from South Korea without consultation, and (2) use the troop deployments as a bargaining chip to conclude the Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) on terms more favorable to Seoul. NB, Park's decision to halt deployments was made right after the ratification of the SOFA by the ROK National Assembly in October 1966. Once he achieved as much as he could in this field, he probably calculated that it was no longer necessary to send additional troops, since the US-ROK agreements signed in 1966 settled these issues. If this was really so, he miscalculated, because Nixon withdrew one-third of the US troops anyway.<BR><BR>All the best,<BR>Balazs Szalontai<BR>Kwangwoon University<BR><BR>--- On <B>Tue,
17/4/12, Michael Pettid <I><mjpettid2000@yahoo.com></I></B> wrote:<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE style="PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px"><BR><BR><BR>
<DIV id=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415>
<DIV>
<DIV style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-FAMILY: garamond, times, serif; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)">
<BLOCKQUOTE style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 1em; WORD-SPACING: 0px; FONT: 16px garamond, times, serif; MARGIN-LEFT: 1em; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 1em; WHITE-SPACE: normal; LETTER-SPACING: normal; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); orphans: 2; widows: 2">
<DIV class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415yui_3_2_0_19_133461966697369>
<DIV class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415yui_3_2_0_19_133461966697381><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415yui_3_2_0_19_1334619666973177><SPAN>Mr. Kim,</SPAN><BR></SPAN>
<DIV class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoNormal><SPAN><BR>It is too easy to blame war and violence on some predisposed human condition (and that is very convenient for militaristic governments and individuals who hope to profit from such violence). And preparing for war is surely the best way to prevent it and make the world safe. We are certainly doing a fine job of that as I write.<BR></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoNormal><BR></DIV>
<DIV class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoNormal><SPAN>I am a premodernist and I teach my students about the futility and uselessness of war and how that damaged the lives of individuals and society. It is not a human condition as you state, but rather resultant from greed and the desire to take from others what one might not have. I find it rather amazing that this is something I need to state in academia, but clearly we have a ways to go.</SPAN></DIV>
<DIV class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoNormal> </DIV></DIV>
<DIV class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415yui_3_2_0_19_133461966697381><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415yui_3_2_0_19_1334619666973177>Michael J. Pettid<BR>Professor of Premodern Korean Studies<BR>Department of Asian and Asian American Studies</SPAN>
<DIV><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415yui_3_2_0_19_1334619666973179>Director, Translation, Research and Instruction Program<BR>Binghamton University<BR>607.777.3862</SPAN></DIV></DIV></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: garamond, times, serif">
<DIV style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: times, serif">
<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face=Arial size=2>
<HR SIZE=1>
<B><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">From:</SPAN></B> Sheila Miyoshi Jager <sheila.jager@oberlin.edu><BR><B><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">To:</SPAN></B> koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws <BR><B><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Sent:</SPAN></B> Monday, April 16, 2012 8:22 AM<BR><B><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Subject:</SPAN></B> Re: [KS] Brian Hwang's Discussion Question<BR></FONT></DIV><BR>
<DIV id=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415>
<DIV>Unfortunately war is a necessary evil in the human condition. The better you are prepared for it the better the chance of preventing it. No one is more anti-war then the people who have to fight it if it occurs. You can condemn war, and rightfully so, but you can't eliminate it. <BR><BR>Jiyul Kim.<BR><BR>On 4/15/2012 7:50 PM, Michael Pettid wrote:
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<DIV style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); FONT-FAMILY: tahoma, times, serif; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)">
<DIV>
<DIV style="FONT-SIZE: medium; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: tahoma, times, serif">Mr. Kim</SPAN></DIV>
<DIV style="FONT-SIZE: medium; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: tahoma, times, serif"><BR></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV style="FONT-SIZE: medium; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: tahoma, times, serif">I am happy that you were able to find a silver lining in a war that killed tens of thousands of combatants and many, many more non-combatants. The war experience that was able to "bolster the competence and confidence" of the SK troops was surely worth such a cost, right? Wars are the plague of humankind and nothing more than the actions of various governments to achieve their goals. War must be condemned in whatever fashion necessary.</SPAN></DIV>
<DIV style="FONT-SIZE: medium; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT style="FONT-FAMILY: tahoma, times, serif"><BR></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style="FONT-SIZE: 16px; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: tahoma, times, serif">Michael J. Pettid<BR>Professor of Premodern Korean Studies<BR>Department of Asian and Asian American Studies</SPAN>
<DIV><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: tahoma, times, serif">Director, Translation, Research and Instruction Program<BR>Binghamton University<BR>607.777.3862</SPAN></DIV></DIV>
<DIV class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415yui_3_2_0_26_133413028419754 style="FONT-SIZE: 16px; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">
<DIV class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415yui_3_2_0_26_133413028419761 style="FONT-FAMILY: times, serif">
<DIV dir=ltr><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: tahoma, times, serif"></SPAN>
<HR SIZE=1>
<B style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">From:</B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> Jiyul Kim <A class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415moz-txt-link-rfc2396E rel=nofollow><jiyulkim@gmail.com></A></SPAN><BR><B style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">To:</B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <A class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415moz-txt-link-abbreviated rel=nofollow>koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</A> </SPAN><BR><B style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Sent:</B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> Sunday, April 15, 2012 12:58 PM</SPAN><BR><B style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Subject:</B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> Re: [KS] Brian Hwang's Discussion Question</SPAN><BR></DIV><BR>
<DIV id=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415 style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">
<DIV>This is all good and fine from a macro view and I see nothing to disagree with, but numbers and quantification and metrics do not make history. What is left out is the psychology and emotions that Vietnam generated in Park, the military, and the populace. No doubt there were tremendous materiel benefits for SK and other Asian countries from the war, but the war also had unmeasurable "benefits" that were recognized then as well for example consolidating national pride and confidence and providing the military with combat experience. Since 1953 the only Korean forces, North and South, who have experienced real combat were the Koreans in Vietnam including a handful of North Korean fighter pilots. That experience did much to bolster the competence and confidence of the South Korean Army. This is not to justify their deployment or to somehow legitimate the Vietnam War. I for one believe it was a tragic unjust war for the U.S. and its allies to have
gotten involved in, but we should not always paint everything about the war in broad and condemning strokes.<BR><BR>Jiyul Kim<BR><BR><BR>On 4/15/2012 10:15 AM, Katsiaficas, George wrote:
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<DIV class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415yui_3_2_0_26_133413028419769 style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri, sans-serif"><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415yui_3_2_0_26_1334130284197119 style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">The larger context has bearing on your question. The government of South Korea received tremendous economic benefits from the Vietnam War. </SPAN><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415yui_3_2_0_26_1334130284197121 style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Park Chung-hee's grandiose scheme to build heavy industry required enormous amounts of money</SPAN><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415yui_3_2_0_26_1334130284197123 style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, but he had only limited domestic sources. As much as he</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">squeezed workers and devalued the currency to stimulate exports, he still needed farmore capital.</SPAN><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415yui_3_2_0_26_1334130284197127 style="FONT-SIZE:
12pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Between 1953 and 1962, US aid funded 70% of Korea’s imports and 80% of its fixed capital investments—about 8% of its GNP.Once the US needed its monies to fight the war in Vietnam, however, it began to cut back. </SPAN><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415yui_3_2_0_26_1334130284197131 style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">In order to find new international sources of money, Park endorsed a key US proposal: closer ROK ties with Japan. </SPAN><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: 16px">Staunch domestic opposition to normalization prevented a treaty from simply being finalized. </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16px">On June 3, 1964, Park declared martial law in Seoul and dismissed dozens of professors and students. The US Combined Forces Commander approved the release of two combat divisions to suppress the protests. </SPAN><SPAN
class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: 16px">Despite thousands of students threatening to storm the Blue House (the presidentialresidence), Park rammed the treaty through the rubber stamp legislature of the Third Republic. When the opposition went on a hunger strike to protest the treaty, the ruling party took one minute to ratify it, and at the same time, it also approved sending 20,000 troops to Vietnam to fight on the side of the US. </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16px">In exchange for normalization of relations, Japan paid $300 million in grants (for which Park indemnified Japan for all its previous actions) and made available another half-a-billion dollars in loans.<SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoFootnoteReference style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: super"><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoFootnoteReference style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: super"><SPAN
class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415yui_3_2_0_26_1334130284197151 style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><FONT class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415Apple-style-span face="Times New Roman"><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415Apple-style-span>
<DIV class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoBodyText style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" align=left><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoFootnoteReference style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: super"><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoFootnoteReference style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: super"></SPAN></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoNormal>Sensing an opportunity to channel public sentiment against the communist enemy as well as a second avenue to raise capital, Park immediately offered thousands more troops for deployment to Vietnam. Despite scattered student protests, war with Vietnam proved less controversial than his settling of accounts with Japan. Park’s movement of troops was so fast, that according to figures released by the US State Department, there were more South Korean soldiers fighting in southern Vietnam in 1965 than North Vietnamese.<A title="" href="http://us.mg6.mail.yahoo.com/neo/#_ftn1" target=_blank rel=nofollow name=_ftnref1><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoFootnoteReference style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: super"><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoFootnoteReference style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: super"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">[1]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A> South Koreans soldiers
were widely reported to be even more brutal than their US counterparts. At the end of 1969, some 48,000 ROK military personnel were stationed in Vietnam, and by the time they completed their withdrawal in 1973, some 300,000 veterans had fought there. ROK casualties included 4,960 dead and 10,962 wounded. Wars provide experiences for military officers who go on to inflict future casualties. Lieutenant No Ri-Bang served in Jeju in 1948 and went to Vietnam. Future dictators Chun Doo Hwan and Roh Tae-woo served together in Vietnam, before brutally ruling South Korea after Park’s assassination in 1979.</DIV>
<DIV class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoNormal> </DIV>
<DIV class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoNormal>The economic benefits of military intervention in Vietnam were extraordinary. From 1965-1970, the South Korean government received $1.1 billion in payments—about 7% of GDP and 19% of foreign earnings.<A title="" href="http://us.mg6.mail.yahoo.com/neo/#_ftn3" target=_blank rel=nofollow name=_ftnref3><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoFootnoteReference style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: super"><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoFootnoteReference style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: super"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">[3]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A> More than 80 Korean companies did lucrative business in Vietnam—from transportation to supply, construction to entertainment—from which the country accrued another $1 billion for exports to and services in Vietnam. Secret US bonuses paid to Park’s government for Korean soldiers who fought in Vietnam totaled $185 million from 1965-1973. When we add
all these funds to the $1.1 billion in direct payments, the total US allocations to Park’s regime amounted to about 30% of the ROK’s foreign exchange earnings from 1966-1969.<A title="" href="http://us.mg6.mail.yahoo.com/neo/#_ftn4" target=_blank rel=nofollow name=_ftnref4><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoFootnoteReference style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: super"><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoFootnoteReference style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: super"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">[4]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A> Altogether US aid to South Korea totaled $11 billion by 1973—more than to any other country except South Vietnam—some 8% of worldwide US military and foreign monies.<A title="" href="http://us.mg6.mail.yahoo.com/neo/#_ftn5" target=_blank rel=nofollow name=_ftnref5><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoFootnoteReference style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: super"><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoFootnoteReference
style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: super"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">[5]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A> Regimes friendly to the US in Japan, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Thailand also benefited greatly from the tidal wave of dollars that flooded the region during the Vietnam War.</DIV>
<DIV class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoNormal><BR></DIV>
<DIV class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoNormal>Excerpted from my book, Asia's Unknown Uprisings: Vol. 1 South Korean Social Movements in the 20th Century</DIV>
<DIV class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoNormal><BR></DIV>
<DIV class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoNormal>George Katsiaficas</DIV>
<DIV><BR clear=all>
<HR align=left width="33%" SIZE=1>
<DIV id=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415ftn1>
<DIV class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoFootnoteText style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><A title="" href="http://us.mg6.mail.yahoo.com/neo/#_ftnref1" target=_blank rel=nofollow name=_ftn1><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoFootnoteReference style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: super"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoFootnoteReference style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: super"><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415yui_3_2_0_26_1334130284197209 style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">[1]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> See the discussion in the volume I edited, <I>Vietnam Documents: American and Vietnamese Views of the War</I> (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1992) p. 63.</SPAN></DIV></DIV>
<DIV id=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415ftn2>
<DIV class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoFootnoteText style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><A title="" href="http://us.mg6.mail.yahoo.com/neo/#_ftnref2" target=_blank rel=nofollow name=_ftn2><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoFootnoteReference style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: super"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoFootnoteReference style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: super"><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415yui_3_2_0_26_1334130284197221 style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">[2]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Chae-Jin Lee, pp. 55, 70.</SPAN></DIV></DIV>
<DIV id=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415ftn3>
<DIV class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoFootnoteText style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><A title="" href="http://us.mg6.mail.yahoo.com/neo/#_ftnref3" target=_blank rel=nofollow name=_ftn3><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoFootnoteReference style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: super"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoFootnoteReference style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: super"><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415yui_3_2_0_26_1334130284197231 style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">[3]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Cumings, <I>Korea’s Place in the Sun</I>, p. 321.</SPAN></DIV></DIV>
<DIV id=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415ftn4>
<DIV class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoFootnoteText style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><A title="" href="http://us.mg6.mail.yahoo.com/neo/#_ftnref4" target=_blank rel=nofollow name=_ftn4><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoFootnoteReference style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: super"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoFootnoteReference style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: super"><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415yui_3_2_0_26_1334130284197243 style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">[4]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Martin Hart-Landsberg 1993, 147-8.</SPAN></DIV></DIV>
<DIV id=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415ftn5>
<DIV class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoFootnoteText style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><A title="" href="http://us.mg6.mail.yahoo.com/neo/#_ftnref5" target=_blank rel=nofollow name=_ftn5><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoFootnoteReference style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: super"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415MsoFootnoteReference style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: super"><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415yui_3_2_0_26_1334130284197253 style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">[5]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Han Sung-joo, “Korean Politics in an International Context,” in Korean National Commission for UNESCO (editor) <I>Korean Politics: Striving for Democracy and Unification</I> (Elizabeth, NJ: Hollym, 2002) p. 620.</SPAN></DIV></DIV></DIV></SPAN>
<DIV><BR></DIV></FONT></DIV><SPAN class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415yui_3_2_0_26_1334130284197259 id=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415OLK_SRC_BODY_SECTION style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri, sans-serif">
<DIV class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415yui_3_2_0_26_133413028419787 style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: rgb(181,196,223) 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-TOP: 3pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">From: </SPAN>don kirk <<A rel=nofollow>kirkdon@yahoo.com</A>><BR><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Reply-To: </SPAN>Korean Studies Discussion List <<A rel=nofollow>koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</A>><BR><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Date: </SPAN>Sat, 14 Apr 2012 15:04:41 -0700<BR><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">To: </SPAN>Kevin Shepard <<A rel=nofollow>kevin_shepard@yahoo.com</A>>, Korean Studies Discussion List <<A rel=nofollow>koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</A>><BR><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Subject: </SPAN>Re: [KS] Brian Hwang's Discussion
Question<BR></DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=top>The question is whether or not they got bonuses in order to "volunteer" for Vietnam. If they got no bonuses, then obviously they wouldn't be "mercenaries." Even if they got bonuses, it would be difficult to pin the mercenary label since soldiers in any army generally get combat pay when fighting overseas. Also, I'm not sure ordinary draftees had any say in where they were sent.<BR> All told, 300,000 Koreans served in Vietnam over nearly a ten-year period. Five thousand of them were KIA, many more WIA. The White Horse and Tiger divisions were the principal units. Korean special forces were also in Vietnam. Those whom I have met are proud to have served there. Many of them, grizzled old veterans, turn up at demonstrations in Seoul protesting leftist demos, NKorean human rights violations, North Korean dynastic rule etc. They love to wear their old uniforms with ribbons awarded for Vietnam service, including acts of individual
heroism. <BR>Some of them also talk quite openly about what they did in Vietnam -- and could provide material supporting your thesis re "the type of warfare that they had to fight in Vietnam,<BR>including guerrilla warfare and civilian warfare." Strongly suggest you come here and interview some while they're still around. They'd tell you a lot, good and bad. Sorry to say, one of them once boasted to me of a personal "body count" of 300 victims -- would doubt if all of them were "enemy." On the other hand, they were also known for high levels of efficiency and success in their AO's.<BR>Good luck on the project.<BR>Don Kirk<BR><BR>--- On <B>Sat, 4/14/12, Kevin Shepard <I><<A rel=nofollow>kevin_shepard@yahoo.com</A>></I></B> wrote:<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE style="PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px"><BR>From: Kevin Shepard <<A rel=nofollow>kevin_shepard@yahoo.com</A>><BR>Subject: Re: [KS] Brian Hwang's Discussion Question<BR>To: "<A rel=nofollow>koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</A>" <<A rel=nofollow>koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</A>><BR>Date: Saturday, April 14, 2012, 1:40 PM<BR><BR>
<DIV id=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415>
<DIV class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415yui_3_2_0_26_133413028419795 style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">
<DIV>I think you will be hard-pressed to justify calling individual soldiers mercenaries - the Korean government may have received funds from the US, but ROK soldiers were drafted into mandatory service. If you come across documentation that individuals volunteered for Vietnam in order to receive funds from the US, please send such documents to me.</DIV>
<DIV class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415yui_3_2_0_26_133413028419799 style="FONT-FAMILY: times, serif; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><FONT size=2><BR></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415yui_3_2_0_26_1334130284197275 style="FONT-FAMILY: times, serif" size=2>Kevin Shepard, Ph.D.<BR>Strategist<BR>UNC/CFC/USFK<BR>UCJ 5 Strategy Div.</FONT></DIV><BR>
<DIV class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415yui_3_2_0_26_1334130284197103 style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">
<DIV class=yiv1451470237ecxyiv1257773415yui_3_2_0_26_1334130284197105 style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: times, serif">
<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face=Arial size=2>
<HR SIZE=1>
<B>From:</B> "<A rel=nofollow>koreanstudies-request@koreaweb.ws</A>" <<A rel=nofollow>koreanstudies-request@koreaweb.ws</A>><BR><B>To:</B> <A rel=nofollow>koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</A> <BR><B>Sent:</B> Sunday, April 15, 2012 1:00 AM<BR><B>Subject:</B> Koreanstudies Digest, Vol 106, Issue 9<BR></FONT></DIV><BR><BR>Today's Topics:<BR><BR> 1. Discussion Question (<A rel=nofollow>brianhwang@berkeley.edu</A>)<BR> 2. March 2012 Issue of "Cross-Currents: East Asian History and<BR> Culture Review" Available Online (Center for Korean Studies)<BR><BR><BR>----------------------------------------------------------------------<BR><BR>Message: 1<BR>Date: Fri, 13 Apr 2012 10:15:24 -0700<BR>From: <A rel=nofollow>brianhwang@berkeley.edu</A><BR>To: <A rel=nofollow>koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</A><BR>Subject: [KS] Discussion Question<BR>Message-ID:<BR> <<A
rel=nofollow>7cb59ce69b486f3c15e6bba3e396a6d4.squirrel@calmail.berkeley.edu</A>><BR>Content-Type: text/plain;charset=utf-8<BR><BR>Hello all:<BR><BR>I am a history student at University of California, Berkeley. Currently I<BR>am working on a paper regarding Korean involvement in the Vietnam War. My<BR>argument is that although Korean soldiers were 1) mercenaries (because<BR>they were paid predominantly by US dollars to go) and 2) anti communists<BR>(because of past history), the atrocities that they are accused of<BR>committing are not primarily due to the aforementioned reasons, but<BR>because of the type of warfare that they had to fight in Vietnam,<BR>including guerrilla warfare and civilian warfare.<BR><BR>Do you all think this is a valid argument? Are there any primary sources<BR>that would help me in my argument, including ones that attribute Korean<BR>atrocities to their mercenary and anticommunist nature?<BR><BR>Thank
you!<BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR>------------------------------<BR><BR>Message: 2<BR>Date: Fri, 13 Apr 2012 11:00:21 -0700<BR>From: "Center for Korean Studies" <<A rel=nofollow>cks@berkeley.edu</A>><BR>To: <<A rel=nofollow>koreanstudies@koreaweb.ws</A>><BR>Subject: [KS] March 2012 Issue of "Cross-Currents: East Asian History<BR> and Culture Review" Available Online<BR>Message-ID: <<A rel=nofollow>037401cd199f$4b410820$e1c31860$@berkeley.edu</A>><BR>Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"<BR><BR>March 2012 Issue of "Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review" now online <BR> <BR>The second issue of IEAS's new, interactive e-journal "Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review" is now online. The theme of the March 2012 issue is "Japanese Imperial Maps as Sources for East Asian History: The Past and Future of the Gaih?zu" (guest edited by K?ren Wigen, professor of
History at Stanford). Visit <A href="http://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/e-journal/issue-2" target=_blank rel=nofollow>http://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/e-journal/issue-2</A> to read the articles, a review essay written by Timothy Cheek (University of British Columbia) about Ezra Vogel's new book on Deng Xiaoping, and abstracts of important new scholarship in Chinese. The March issue of the e-journal also features a photo essay by Jianhua Gong documenting Shanghai's longtang alleyways. <BR><BR>A joint enterprise of the Research Institute of Korean Studies at Korea University (RIKS) and the Institute of East Asian Studies at the University of California at Berkeley (IEAS), "Cross-Currents" offers its readers up-to-date research findings, emerging trends, and cutting-edge perspectives concerning East Asian history and culture from scholars in both English-speaking and Asian language-speaking academic communities. <BR><BR><BR>* * **
** <BR><BR><BR>March 2012 issue of "Cross-Currents" e-journal<BR>(See <A href="http://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/e-journal/issue-2" target=_blank rel=nofollow>http://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/e-journal/issue-2</A>)<BR><BR>*Co-Editors' Note*<BR><BR>Building an Online Community of East Asia Scholars<BR>Sungtaek Cho, Research Institute of Korean Studies (RIKS), Korea University<BR>Wen-hsin Yeh, Institute of East Asian Studies (IEAS), University of California, Berkeley<BR><BR>*Japanese Imperial Maps as Sources for East Asian History: The Past and Future of the Gaihozu*<BR><BR>Introduction to "Japanese Imperial Maps as Sources for East Asian History: The Past and Future of the Gaihozu"<BR>Guest editor K?ren Wigen, Stanford University<BR><BR>Japanese Mapping of Asia-Pacific Areas, 1873-1945: An Overview<BR>Shigeru Kobayashi, Osaka University<BR><BR>Imagining Manmo: Mapping the Russo-Japanese Boundary Agreements in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia,
1907-1915<BR>Yoshihisa T. Matsusaka, Wellesley College<BR><BR>Triangulating Chosen: Maps, Mapmaking, and the Land Survey in Colonial Korea<BR>David Fedman, Stanford University<BR><BR>Mapping Economic Development: The South Seas Government and Sugar Production in Japan's South Pacific Mandate, 1919--1941<BR>Ti Ngo, University of California, Berkeley<BR><BR>*Forum*<BR><BR>Asian Studies/Global Studies: Transcending Area Studies and Social Sciences<BR>John Lie, University of California, Berkeley/<BR><BR>Defenders and Conquerors: The Rhetoric of Royal Power in Korean Inscriptions from the Fifth to Seventh Centuries<BR>Hung-gyu Kim, Korea University<BR><BR>*Review Essays and Notes*<BR><BR>Of Leaders and Governance: How the Chinese Dragon Got Its Scales<BR>Timothy Cheek, University of British Columbia<BR><BR>A Note on the 40th Anniversary of Nixon's Visit to China<BR>William C. Kirby, Harvard University<BR><BR>*Photo Essay*<BR><BR>"Shanghai Alleyways" by
photographer Jianhua Gong<BR>Essay by Xiaoneng Yang, Stanford University<BR><BR>*Readings from Asia*<BR><BR>Ge Zhaoguang , Dwelling in the Middle of the Country: Reestablishing Histories of "China" [????:????"??"???]<BR>Abstract by Wennan Liu, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences<BR><BR>Wang Qisheng, Revolution and Counter-Revolution: Republican Politics in Social-Cultural Scope [???????????????????]<BR>Abstract by Bin Ye, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences<BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR>-------------- next part --------------<BR>An HTML attachment was scrubbed...<BR>URL: <<A href="http://koreaweb.ws/pipermail/koreanstudies_koreaweb.ws/attachments/20120413/a3ff12bf/attachment-0001.html" target=_blank rel=nofollow>http://koreaweb.ws/pipermail/koreanstudies_koreaweb.ws/attachments/20120413/a3ff12bf/attachment-0001.html</A>><BR><BR>End of Koreanstudies Digest, Vol 106, Issue
9<BR>*********************************************<BR><BR><BR></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></SPAN></BLOCKQUOTE></DIV></DIV><BR></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE></DIV></DIV><BR><BR></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV><BR><BR></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE></td></tr></table>