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<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>Dear
Scott,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>It
is not my specialty at all, but I happen to have the <i>Dictionnaire Ricci de
caractères chinois</i>, a Chinese- French etymological dictionary recognized as
a very reliable source for Chinese lexicography (1999 edition). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=KO style='font-family:굴림'>內</span><span lang=KO
style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'> </span><span style='font-family:
"Calibri","sans-serif"'>(<i>nei, na, jui</i>) is used since antique times, on
bronze artifacts, with the main meaning of “Inside (of the country)”. The
couple</span><span lang=KO style='font-family:굴림'>內外</span><span lang=KO
style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'> </span><span style='font-family:
"Calibri","sans-serif"'>(<i>nei wai</i>) meaning “internal and external affairs
(of the country and the royal house)”, </span><span lang=KO style='font-family:
굴림'>內</span><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'> being a synonym
of “royal household”. In modern times, the word </span><span lang=KO
style='font-family:굴림'>內</span><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>
means “inside, intern”, as an antonym to </span><span lang=KO style='font-family:
굴림'>外</span><span lang=KO style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'> </span><i><span
style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>wai</span></i><span
style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>, “outside”, connoting also “inside
of the house, private apartments”, hence “palace”, hence “wife, spouse”. It
doesn’t seem to be a synonymous of “country, state” anymore (at least this
meaning is not present in the modern section of the dictionary).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=KO style='font-family:굴림'>外</span><span
style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'> (<i>wai</i>) is even more directly
related to the opposition national, local vs foreign. Since ancient times
(bronze inscriptions), it means “outside world and countries”, and related
affairs. In modern times, its first meaning is “outside, exterior” (and also “appearance”,
and “husband”). Its second meaning is “foreign”.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>It is
interesting to see that this word is described as antonymous to</span><span
lang=KO style='font-family:굴림'>內</span><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>nei
<u>and chung </u></span><u><span lang=KO style='font-family:굴림'>中</span></u><span
style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'> .<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=KO style='font-family:굴림'>中</span><span lang=KO
style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'> </span><span style='font-family:
"Calibri","sans-serif"'>chung means 1 : center, middle 2 : central;
imperial 3 : Chinese <u>as opposed to </u></span><u><span lang=KO
style='font-family:굴림'>外國</span></u><u><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>
wai kuo, foreign countries</span></u><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>.
So it seems that the real opposition concerning the couple of antonyms
national/foreign in Chinese is not, at least in the modern use of the language,
</span><span lang=KO style='font-family:굴림'>內</span><span style='font-family:
"Calibri","sans-serif"'>/</span><span lang=KO style='font-family:굴림'>外</span><span
style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'> , but</span><span lang=KO
style='font-family:굴림'>中</span><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>/</span><span
lang=KO style='font-family:굴림'>外</span><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>Note : in
this dictionary, “modern” refers to the period post 121 A.D.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>I don’t
know if this can help, it has to be confirmed by Chinese language specialists,
but it is just in case you couldn’t find the Ricci in Korea.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'>Cheers,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'>Benjamin<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> Koreanstudies
[mailto:koreanstudies-bounces@koreanstudies.com] <b>On Behalf Of </b>J.Scott
Burgeson<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Saturday, March 22, 2014 3:07 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Korean Studies Discussion List<br>
<b>Subject:</b> [KS] Is the word "</span><span lang=KO style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:굴림'>외국인</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>" an instance of "</span><span lang=KO
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림'>和製漢語</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>"? (Redux)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div>
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<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>Dear List Members:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>This is a follow-up message
to the previous discussion on the origin of the word "</span><span
lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>외국인</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>,"
specifically in the modern sense. I went to the Central Library of Yonsei
last weekend and could find nothing of relevance in any of the books devoted to
Korean etymologies (perhaps because the word "</span><span lang=KO
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>외국인</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>"
is comprised of Chinese characters and therefore is not considered pure
Korean)? I also looked at all the major, classic </span><span lang=KO
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>국어</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>
dictionaries published since 1945 and almost all of them said that "</span><span
lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>외국인</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>"
was the opposite of "</span><span lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:굴림;color:black'>내국인</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>" (they used this symbol:
"<––––>"). Some of the dictionaries gave that as the second
meaning, some at the end of the main definitions.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>(Interestingly, my 1998 Si-sa
Elite </span><span lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>한영</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>
dictionary makes no note of "</span><span lang=KO style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>내국인</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>" next to its definition
of "</span><span lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;
color:black'>외국인</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'>," nor does my 1986 Minjungseorim Essence Korean-English
dictionary, but it would take more time to see if "</span><span
lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>내국인</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>"
gets dropped more frequently from definitions of "</span><span lang=KO
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>외국인</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>"
in more recent Korean dictionaries.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'>I next went to the Center for Korean Classics Collection on the
5th floor, which contains antique and historical Korean books. The staff there,
however, said that there were few Korean-language dictionaries produced during
the Choson Period, and suggested I look at early dictionaries compiled by
foreigners. Perhaps the oldest one of that period is a French-Korean dictionary
from 1880, and although it does not have the word "</span><span lang=KO
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>외국인</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>"
it does have a single entry for "</span><span lang=KO style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>외국</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>," defining it as
"royaume etranger," which is interesting because they use the word
for "kingdom" instead of the more modern-sounding "state."
It had no entry for "</span><span lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:굴림;color:black'>내국인</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>" but it did list "</span><span
lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>내인</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>"
meaning "palace servant girl," the significance of which I will
expand on below.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'>The next major source I could find is Gale's 1897 Korean-English
dictionary, which does not list "</span><span lang=KO style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>외국인</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>" but does list "</span><span
lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>외국</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>"
("foreign states"), and adds, "See </span><span lang=KO
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>타국</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>."
The characters for "</span><span lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:굴림;color:black'>타국</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>" are "</span><span lang=KO
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>他國</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>,"
and he defines "</span><span lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
굴림;color:black'>他</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'>" as "</span><span lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:굴림;color:black'>다를</span><span lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'> </span><span lang=KO
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>타</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>,"
as do all major Korean dictionaries today (of course, "</span><span
lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>他</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>"is
also the common pronoun "he" or "she" in Chinese).
Meanwhile, he adds here, "See </span><span lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:굴림;color:black'>이국</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>," the characters for which are
"</span><span lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>異國</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>"
("</span><span lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>異</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>"
meaning "</span><span lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;
color:black'>다를</span><span lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'> </span><span lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;
color:black'>이</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'>"). So there are at least three different terms for
"foreign" in Gale, and I will explain the importance of this later.
Of more interest, however, are his entries for "</span><span lang=KO
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>내</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>"
or "</span><span lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;
color:black'>內</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'>." He gives definitions such as "</span><span lang=KO
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>내국</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>"or
"</span><span lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>內局</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>"
("The royal pharmacy"), with "</span><span lang=KO
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>내</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>"
having the connotation or "royal" or "palace" (which jibes
with the aforementioned "</span><span lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:굴림;color:black'>내인</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>"), and in fact there are quite a
few words meaning "royal" or "palace," and others which
mean the inside of a house, but none that have the meaning of
"state," with the possible exception of "</span><span lang=KO
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>내부대신</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>"
or "Home Minister."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'>However, Gale is interesting because he also has editions from
1911, 1924 and 1931, and as time passes, "</span><span lang=KO
style='font-family:굴림;color:black'>외국인</span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'>" appears (1911), and more importantly, "</span><span
lang=KO style='font-family:굴림;color:black'>내</span><span style='font-family:
"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>" begins to be used more frequently
in association with words that mean "state" or "country"
("</span><span lang=KO style='font-family:굴림;color:black'>나라</span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>" as he puts it),
such as "</span><span lang=KO style='font-family:굴림;color:black'>내국교환</span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>" or "</span><span
lang=KO style='font-family:굴림;color:black'>內國交換</span><span style='font-family:
"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>" ("Domestic exchange,"
1911 edition), and when we get to 1931, "</span><span lang=KO
style='font-family:굴림;color:black'>내국</span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'>" appears meaning "One's own country" and the
opposite of "</span><span lang=KO style='font-family:굴림;color:black'>외국</span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>." There a quite
a few other words that conjoin "</span><span lang=KO style='font-family:
굴림;color:black'>內</span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'>" with "</span><span lang=KO style='font-family:굴림;
color:black'>國</span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'>" at this point, and a 1928 Korean-English dictionary by </span><span
lang=KO style='font-family:굴림;color:black'>김동성</span><span style='font-family:
"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'> also has numerous entries for "</span><span
lang=KO style='font-family:굴림;color:black'>내국</span><span style='font-family:
"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>" meaning "one's own
country" or "domestic."</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'>So here are my two preliminary conclusions:</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'><br>
<br>
</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'> 1. I did a keyword search in the online version of
"</span><span lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>조선왕조실록</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>"
(results at the bottom of this message), and prior to the modern period, "</span><span
lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>타국인</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>"
and "</span><span lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;
color:black'>이국인</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'>" get quite a few hits along with "</span><span lang=KO
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>외국인</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>"
(I searched in both Chinese and Korean). Indeed, "</span><span lang=KO
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>외국인</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>"
appears in largest numbers at the very end of Choson, while "</span><span
lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>이국인</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>"
and "</span><span lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;
color:black'>타국인</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'>" are more evenly distributed, with "</span><span
lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>이국인</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>"
getting the most references during the reign of </span><span lang=KO
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>선조</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>.
These days "</span><span lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
굴림;color:black'>이국인</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'>" and "</span><span lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:굴림;color:black'>타국인</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>" are hardly in common usage, and
what's interesting is that they do not have the same "in-group" vs.
"out-group" nuance that "</span><span lang=KO style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>외국인</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>" has. I know it's risky
to generalize from just a few dictionaries – I looked at a dozen pre-1945
Korean-English dictionaries in all, including Underwood's "Concise
Dictionary of the Korean Language" (1890) and J.C Lee's "Dictionary
of Foreign Words in Modern Korean" (1937) – but it does seem
that "</span><span lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;
color:black'>외국인</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'>" became standardized during the Japanese colonial period, so
that after 1945, it was commonly understood to mean the opposite of "</span><span
lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>내국인</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'><br>
<br>
</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'> 2. I also did a keyword search for "</span><span
lang=KO style='font-family:굴림;color:black'>內國人</span><span style='font-family:
"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>" in "</span><span
lang=KO style='font-family:굴림;color:black'>조선왕조실록</span><span style='font-family:
"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>" and got just four hits (and 34 for
"</span><span lang=KO style='font-family:굴림;color:black'>내국인</span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>," but I'll have
to go more carefully through the results and see if they use the same Chinese
characters.) And as Gale's dictionaries suggest, it seems that usage of the
character "</span><span lang=KO style='font-family:굴림;color:black'>內</span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>" with "</span><span
lang=KO style='font-family:굴림;color:black'>國</span><span style='font-family:
"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>" only becomes more common after
1910, whereas before that "</span><span lang=KO style='font-family:굴림;
color:black'>內</span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'>" often had the connotation of "palace" or
"royal." Again, this suggests that the term "</span><span
lang=KO style='font-family:굴림;color:black'>內國</span><span style='font-family:
"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>" became standardized during the
Japanese period, and as I have noted above, this is important because after
1945 the term "</span><span lang=KO style='font-family:굴림;color:black'>內國人</span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>" is used in
dictionaries to mean the opposite of “</span><span lang=KO
style='font-family:굴림;color:black'>外國人</span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'>” and vice versa. I should also note that I did a search in a
17th-18th Century Chinese-Korean dictionary with the help of staff from the
Center for Korean Classics Collection and we could not find any mention
of "</span><span lang=KO style='font-family:굴림;color:black'>內國</span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>." There are
several more online here, including the one we checked, but since they don't
use pinyin it's cumbersome to search for individual words and will take more
time:</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'><br>
<br>
</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'> http://www.hangeulmuseum.org</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'><br>
<br>
</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'> I think my next step is to check Chinese-language
books that have etymologies of Chinese words, just to see if the
word "</span><span lang=KO style='font-family:굴림;color:black'>內國人</span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>" was commonly
used in China in the premodern period. (My hunch is that it wasn't.)</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'><br>
<br>
</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'> So my question is really this: Does anyone think I'm
barking up the <i>right</i> tree in assuming that tracking the evolution of the
term "</span><span lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;
color:black'>내국인</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'>" is the best way to look at the etymology or development of
the term “</span><span lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;
color:black'>외국인</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'>” in Korean? Remember, my task is to determine if the term “</span><span
lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>외국인</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>”
became standardized in Korea in accordance with Japanese usage, rather than via
Chinese usage. If I can determine that "</span><span lang=KO
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>內國人</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>"
was not commonly used in premodern China, and is most likely Japanese-coined,
would that be as close as I can get to a "smoking gun," given the
difficulty of finding a proper etymology of the term “</span><span
lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>외국인</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>”?
Any thoughts would be most appreciated!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'><br>
<br>
</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'> Cheers,</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'> Scott</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'>PS: Gale's 1897 dictionary is available online
here: https://archive.org/details/KoreanEnglishDictionary<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=KO style='font-family:굴림;color:black'>조선왕조실록</span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'> Searches:</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'>1a. “</span><span lang=KO style='font-family:굴림;color:black'>外國人</span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>”: 107 combined hits,
76 concentrated during reigns of </span><span lang=KO style='font-family:
굴림;color:black'>고종</span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'> (62) and </span><span lang=KO style='font-family:굴림;color:black'>순종</span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'> (14)</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'>1b. “</span><span lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
굴림;color:black'>외국인</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'>”: 289 combined hits, 188 during reigns of </span><span lang=KO
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>고종</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'> and </span><span
lang=KO style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:굴림;color:black'>순종</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'>2a. “</span><span lang=KO style='font-family:굴림;color:black'>他國人</span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>”: 36 combined hits,
more evenly distributed but most appearing during reign of </span><span
lang=KO style='font-family:굴림;color:black'>고종</span><span style='font-family:
"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'> (15)</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'>2b. “</span><span lang=KO style='font-family:굴림;color:black'>타국인</span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>”: 42 combined hits,
more evenly distributed but most appearing during reign of </span><span
lang=KO style='font-family:굴림;color:black'>고종</span><span style='font-family:
"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'> (18)</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'>3a. “</span><span lang=KO style='font-family:굴림;color:black'>異國人</span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>”: 43 combined hits,
more evenly distributed but most appearing during reign of </span><span
lang=KO style='font-family:굴림;color:black'>고종</span><span style='font-family:
"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'> (14)</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'>3b. “</span><span lang=KO style='font-family:굴림;color:black'>이국인</span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>”: 185 hits, far more
evenly distributed but most appearing during reign of </span><span lang=KO
style='font-family:굴림;color:black'>선조</span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'> (31)</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'>4a. “</span><span lang=KO style='font-family:굴림;color:black'>內國人</span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>”: 4 combined hits</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'>4b. “</span><span lang=KO style='font-family:굴림;color:black'>내국인</span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>”: 34 combined hits,
only one during reigns of </span><span lang=KO style='font-family:굴림;
color:black'>고종</span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'> and </span><span lang=KO style='font-family:굴림;color:black'>순종</span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>.</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'>2014 Google searches:</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'>1. "</span><span lang=KO style='font-family:굴림;color:black'>외국인</span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>" gets 15.6
million hits</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'>2. "</span><span lang=KO style='font-family:굴림;color:black'>타국인</span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>" gets 489,000
hits</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<div id="yiv9784327040yui_3_13_0_ym1_1_1395282116322_11696">
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:black'>3. “</span><span lang=KO style='font-family:굴림;color:black'>이국인</span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>” gets 87,000 hits</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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