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Dear all,<br>
<br>
I'm forwarding a research inquiry (below my message) from a
colleague, Amy Stanley, who is a Japan historian at Northwestern U.
I told her that:<br>
<br>
-more mainstream South Korean scholars tend to be skeptical
toward the notion that anyone anywhere in the early modern era
worked for "wage" in the purest sense of the word and all its
connotations (e.g. free labor, room for wage negotiation,
contractual relationship between the employer and the employee).<br>
-it was easier for runaway slaves, male and female, than
commoners to work for pay, as commoners (most of whom were farmers)
were more bound to where they lived--with the watchful state making
sure through household registration system that they paid their
taxes as well as performing corvee and military duties (actually
most commoners had to pay the military tax rather than performing
military duties)<br>
-the slaves who ran away, as well as desperate commoners who did
the same, found jobs for pay, in an increasingly liberalized,
commercialized economy, in which slave owners preferred to hire
someone rather than spending resources on tracking down their
runaway slaves. <br>
-contrary to the popular image of runaways living in isolated
areas or mountains as some sort of brigands, towns and private mines
were much more sensible destinations, if not joining traveling
merchants, as they could "hide" there more easily and find work. <br>
-for runaway female slaves, they found work in the kind of areas
that we can easily guess (i.e. domestic servants, prostitutes,
entertainers). <br>
-a demand for paid workers was limited in late Choson Korea,
which was much less commercialized and urbanized that Qing China or
Edo Japan (Korea's largest city, Seoul, had population no more than
250,000)--though the demand certainly increased.<br>
<br>
Please reply directly to her by email (<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:a-stanley@northwestern.edu">a-stanley@northwestern.edu</a>).
I paraphrase her inquiry (see below). <br>
<br>
Thanks in advance,<br>
Gene<br>
---<br>
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<p class="MsoNormal">I'm working on an article about migrant
maidservants in the
early modern world. One of my working ideas is that the demand
for women to
work in domestic labor increased in cities across the Eurasian
continent,
drawing women from rural hinterlands into burgeoning urban
centers. New
opportunities in urban labor markets provided some women (though
not nearly
all) the opportunity to defy their parents, husbands, etc.,
enabling them to
exert agency in ways that looked surprisingly similar across
linguistic and cultural
boundaries. It seems clear that the demand for female domestic
labor did rise
in Chosŏn Korea, as it did elsewhere, that such laborers were
more and more
valuable, and that some purchased women began to work on fixed
contracts rather
than in hereditary slavery. But I have two basic questions that
I can't figure
out: (1) Were there any maidservants working for wages in Korean
cities and
towns? (2) When female slaves ran away, did they look for work
in urban
marketplaces? Or did they generally run off to rural areas and
try to get by as
peasants?<o:p></o:p></p>
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<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">Eugene Y. Park
Korea Foundation Associate Professor of History
Director, James Joo-Jin Kim Program in Korean Studies
University of Pennsylvania
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.history.upenn.edu/faculty/park.shtml">http://www.history.upenn.edu/faculty/park.shtml</a></pre>
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