<html><head></head><body><div style="color:#000; background-color:#fff; font-family:Helvetica Neue-Light, Helvetica Neue Light, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, Sans-Serif;font-size:13px"><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_21925"><span>Dear Professor Armstrong,</span></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_21925"><span><br></span></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_21925" dir="ltr"><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_22180">thanks a lot for your initiative! It is very encouraging that you are making such progress in reviewing the citations in Tyranny of the Weak. It is also most commendable that you decided to contact Cornell University Press with any necessary corrections. I am very glad to help you in this effort by providing Cornell University Press with the information available for me. If we continue to cooperate in this effort, the process of revisions may be completed far sooner than if you were compelled to complete this task alone. Let me provide you with a few additional specific examples (see below).</span></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_21925" dir="ltr"><span><br></span></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_21925" dir="ltr"><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_22458">There is one potential complication, however. Some of the problematic source citations appeared in publications dated earlier and published by other publishers, rather than Cornell University Press. For instance, "Fraternal Socialism" (2005) was published in Cold War History (Routledge, Taylor & Francis), "Necessary Enemies" (2008) was published by US Korea Institute at SAIS, while "Korea at the Center" (2006) was published by M.E. Sharpe, Inc. Under such conditions, the process of revising "Tyranny of the Weak" may not fully remedy the problem, since the aforesaid three publications are beyond the purview of Cornell University Press. Let me ask whether you intend to contact the other three publishers simultaneously with Cornell University Press. </span></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_21925" dir="ltr"><span><br></span></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_21925" dir="ltr"><span>The additional examples are as follows:</span></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_21925" dir="ltr"><span><br></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24642"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24643">On p. 84, <i id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24644">Tyranny of the Weak</i> provides the
following information: <o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24645"></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24646"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24647"><o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24648"> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24649"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24650">A few of the other party
leaders questioned the autarkist and heavy-industry-oriented policies promoted
by Kim, and this debate emerged as early as the Central Committee plenum of
August 1953. 132 <o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24651"></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24652"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24653"><o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24654"> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24655"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24656">Footnote 132: </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24657">Masao Okonogi,
“North Korean Communism: In Search of Its Prototype,” in Dae-Sook Suh, ed., <i id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24658">Korean
Studies: New Pacific Currents </i>(Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1994),</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24659"> 181–83.<o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24660"></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24661"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24662"><o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24663"> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24664"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24665">Okonogi’s cited work
does not mention any disputes at the 6th KWP CC plenum (held in August 1953),
which he describes on pp. 178-180. In his publication, the first reference to disagreements
between Pak Ch'ang-ok and Kim Il Sung is made with regard to the 7<sup id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24666">th</sup>
session of the Supreme People’s Assembly (held in April 1954). These disputes
Okonogi did describe on pp. 181-184. This raises the question of where the
author found the information about the disputes that occurred at the 6<sup id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24667">th</sup>
CC plenum in August 1953. In <i id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24668">Kim Il Sung
in the Khrushchev Era</i>, the following information is provided about the
subject (p. 60):<o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24669"></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24670"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24671"><o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24672"> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24673"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24674">In Okonogi’s opinion,
certain KWP leaders had their doubts about the feasibility of the autarkic
model proposed by Kim Il Sung, and they attempted to raise their voice against
his policies.138 In light of the debates that occurred at the CC plenum held in
August 1953 (and in 1955–1956), this interpretation seems correct. <o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24675"></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24676"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24677"><o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24678"> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24679"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24680">Endnote 138: Okonogi,
“North Korean Communism: In Search of Its Prototype,” in Suh, Korean Studies,
181–183. The book describes the disputes that occurred at the 6th CC plenum on
p. 47. <o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24681"></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24682"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24683"><o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24684"> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24685"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24686"><o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24687"> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24688"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24689">On p. 84, <i id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24690">Tyranny of the Weak</i> also provides the
following information: <o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24691"></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24692"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24693"><o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24694"> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24695"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24696"><o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24697"> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24698"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24699">By September
1953, there were a thousand cooperatives in the DPRK. In November 1954, in the
midst of a bumper harvest, the Central Committee decided to accelerate
collectivization, to coincide with a decision to complete the Three-Year Plan
by the end of 1955, half a year ahead of schedule. 133<o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24700"></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24701"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24702"><o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24703"> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24704"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24705">Footnote 133: </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24706">Okonogi, “North Korean Communism,” 184.<o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24707"></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24708"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24709"><o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24710"> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24711"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24712">The date September 1953 appears to be an
accidental typo, since the correct date is, in all probability, September 1954.
(In September 1953, a few months after the armistice, North Korean
collectivization was not yet in such an advanced stage.) On p. 184, Okonogi
does mention that in November 1954, “an attempt was made to solve the
agricultural problem by pushing the agricultural cooperatives,” but his
publication does not provide statistical data about the number of cooperatives,
either on p. 184 or elsewhere. This raises the question of where the author
found the information about the number of cooperatives. In <i id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24713">Kim Il Sung in the Khrushchev Era</i>, the following information is
provided about the subject (pp. 62-63):</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24714"><o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24715"></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24716"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24717"><o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24718"> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24719"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24720">In April 1954,
the total number of agricultural cooperatives stood at 800, and in September it
still did not exceed 1,000. […].2 The November plenum of the KWP CC brought a
sudden change in Pyongyang’s agricultural policies, which may have been
connected with the simultaneous dismissal of Ch’oe Ch’ang-ik from the post of
finance minister.3 The party leadership resolved to speed up collectivization
on the grounds that the 1954 harvest had been good enough to render such a
rapid development possible.<o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24721"></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24722"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24723"><o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24724"> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24725"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24726">Endnote 2:
Hungarian Embassy to the DPRK, Report, 22 October 1954, KA, 11. doboz, 22/a, 08103/2/1954;
Hungarian Embassy to the DPRK, Report, 22 December 1954, KTS, 5. doboz, 5/c,
001128/1955.<o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24727"></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24728"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24729">Endnote 3:
Okonogi, “North Korean Communism: In Search of Its Prototype,” in Suh, <i id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24730">Korean
Studies, </i>184, 187.<o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24731"></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24732"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24733"><o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24734"> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24735"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24736">In sum, the
information provided in the cited sentences of <i id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24737">Tyranny of the Weak</i> shows a marked discrepancy with the content of
the cited secondary source but it shows a marked correlation with certain parts
of <i id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24738">Kim Il Sung in the Khrushchev Era</i>.
Both books cite the same page numbers of Okonogi’s work. Since Okonogi’s cited
chapter was published in English, the factor of linguistic misinterpretation
can be reasonably excluded.<o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24739"></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24740"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24741"><o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24742"> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24743"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24744">At the same
time, linguistic inaccuracies did appear in the citation of certain Russian
archival sources, sometimes in combination with text-citation discrepancies. On
p</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24745">. 114 </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24746">of <i id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24747">Tyranny of the Weak</i></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24748">, the following information is provided: <o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24749"></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24750"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24751"><o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24752"> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24753"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24754">A number of high-ranking academics were also
expelled from the party, for supposedly siding with the anti-Kim
oppositionists. Purges took place as well within the upper ranks of the
military.98 <o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24755"></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24756"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24757"><o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24758"> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24759"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24760">Footnote 98: Soviet Embassy in DPRK, “Interview
with DPRK Foreign Ministry First Secretary Pak Kilyong,” 4 October 1957. AVPRF, Fond 0102, Opis
121, Papka 7, Delo 16.<o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24761"></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24762"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24763"><o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24764"> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24765"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24766">This Russian document does exist; it can be found in</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:HU" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24767"> </span><i id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24768"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";mso-fareast-language:KO" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24769">Pyŏngyang soryŏn taesakwan pimil sŏch’ol</span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";mso-fareast-language:KO" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24770">, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24771"> (KM011602, p. 42). Its
Russian title is "Zapis besedy s zaveduiushchim I Otdelom MID KNDR Pak Kil
Enom, ot 4 oktiabria 1957 goda,” from the diary of N.M. Shesterikov. That is,
the position of Pak Kilyong is specified as head of the 1<sup id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24772">st</sup> Department
of the Foreign Ministry, rather than Foreign Ministry First Secretary. In the
Soviet ministerial hierarchy, there was no such position as First Secretary.
The actual archival location of this file is Opis 13, Papka 7, Delo 6, rather
than Opis 121, Papka 7, Delo 16 (as cited in <i id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24773">Tyranny of the Weak</i>). This file does not contain any information
about academic or military purges. This raises the question of where the author
found the information cited above. In <i id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24774">Kim
Il Sung of the Khrushchev Era</i>, the following information is provided (p.
117):<o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24775"></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24776"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24777"><o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24778"> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24779"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24780">On 4 October, a
Hungarian diplomat reported that the first secretary of the Polish Embassy had
recently informed him about Pak’s coming arrest. In the fall, the basic and
district organizations of the party held meetings and conferences everywhere in
the country.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24781"> In the course of the
meetings held at the Academy of Sciences and Kim Il Sung University, several
academics lost their party cards. They had allegedly sympathized with the
dissidents of August 1956 or merely disagreed with certain policies of the
regime. General Kim Ung, a Yan’an Korean and one of the KPA’s most brilliant
commanders, was replaced, deprived of his rank, and supposedly arrested. 14<o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24782"></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24783"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24784"><o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24785"> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24786"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24787">Endnote 14. Hungarian Embassy to the DPRK,
Report, 4 October 1957, KTS,
3. doboz, 4/bc, 003870/2/1957. <o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24788"></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24789"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24790"><o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24791"> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24792"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24793">In sum, the </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24794">content
of the AVPRF document cited in Footnote 98 of <i id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24795">Tyranny of the Weak</i> shows a strong discrepancy with the content of
the actual document. Further discrepancies can be found between the cited and
the actual title and folder location of the document. In contrast, the content
and date of the cited document shows a strong correlation with the Hungarian
document cited above. A further correlation can be observed between the alleged
position of Pal Kilyong (First Secretary of the Foreign Ministry) and the
actual position of the diplomat from whom the Hungarian diplomat received the
information (First Secretary of the Polish Embassy). </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24796"><o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24797"></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24798"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24799"> <o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24800"></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24801"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24802"><o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24803"> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24804"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24805">In certain
occasions, discrepancies can be observed not only between the sources cited in <i id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24806">Tyranny of the Weak</i> and the actual
sources but also between the book’s narrative and the actual course of events.
On p. 87, the following information is provided:<o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24807"></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24808"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24809"><o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24810"> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24811"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24812">In a conversation
at the Soviet embassy in Pyongyang in July 1955, Soviet ambassador Ivanov
informed his East European colleagues that the Soviets were well aware of North
Korea’s extreme sensitivity to any perceived interference in their internal affairs,
and that therefore Soviet and other foreign advisors had to be wary of pushing
too hard or appearing to scold or lecture the Koreans for their “errors.” 150<o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24813"></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24814"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24815"><o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24816"> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24817"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24818">Footnote 150:
Soviet Embassy in DPRK, Report, 17 August 1955. AVPRF, Fond 0102, Opis 11,
Papka 60, Delo 5.<o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24819"></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24820"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24821"><o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24822"> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24823"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24824">The diary of Soviet Ambassador V.I.
Ivanov contains no entry for 17 August 1955 (see </span><i id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24825"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";mso-fareast-language:KO" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24826">Pyŏngyang
soryŏn taesakwan pimil sŏch’ol</span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";mso-fareast-language:KO" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24827">, KM010801, pp. 40-66)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24828">. During July, the following
entries contain references to his conversations with East European diplomats:
27 July (with Hungarian Ambassador Pal Szarvas and East German Ambassador
Richard Fischer), 28 July (with Czechoslovak Ambassador Sikora and Romanian
Ambassador Anton Tatu Jianu), 29 July (with Polish Ambassador Jerzy Sedlecki
and Hungarian Ambassador Szarvas), and 30 July (with Albanian Ambassador Mafuz
Laze). Of these recorded conversations, none contains the information described
above. In general, the record of the conversations is heavily focused on the
statements made by the East European diplomats, rather than on Ivanov’s own
statements. For instance, the record of his 29 July conversation with Szarvas
quotes Szarvas saying that the North Korean leaders admitted certain errors in
agricultural policy but that he had not discussed these issues with the
Koreans. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24829">This raises the question
of where the author found the information cited above. In <i id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24830">Kim Il Sung of the Khrushchev Era</i>, the following information is
provided (pp. 74-75):<o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24831"></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24832"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24833"><o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24834"> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24835"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24836">On 29 July,
Ivanov told Szarvas that “the mistakes made by the Korean comrades should be
raised in the presence of the top leaders, and in certain issues, the opinion
of the whole diplomatic corps should be made known so as to ensure that the
[Korean] comrades do not consider these comments as lecturing and ordering but
notice the sincere helpfulness that inspired them.” Szarvas noted in his
report, “Our attitude will facilitate their [the Soviets’] situation if they take
sides or give advice to the Korean comrades.” However, he also made clear that
he did not intend to poke his nose into the internal affairs of the DPRK just
because the Soviets had asked him to do so. He knew by experience how
“sensitive” the North Koreans were.59<o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24837"></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24838"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24839"><o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24840"> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24841"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24842">Endnote 59:
Hungarian Embassy to the DPRK, Report, 17 August 1955, KTS, 10. doboz, 24/b,
008020/1955 (p. 298).<o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24843"></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24844"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24845"><o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24846"> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24847"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24848">The English
translation of the aforesaid Hungarian report (which is much longer than
Ivanov’s one-paragraph record of the conversation) is publicly accessible in <i id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24849">Cold War International History Project
Bulletin </i></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-language:KO" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24850">14/15 (Winter 2003-Spring 2004), pp. 108-110. From
this document, it can be clearly ascertained that the references to the North
Koreans’ sensitivity were actually made by Szarvas in his subsequent report,
rather than by Ivanov. </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24851"><o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24852"></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24853"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24854"><o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24855"> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24856"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24857">I would like to
make an additional remark about the whole question, namely, that the issue is
quite delicate. One can touch it only very cautiously. One must think twice
before raising questions like this so as to find the appropriate way. […] It
must be emphasized again that the Korean comrades deal with their own issues in
an extremely reserved way. There are few opportunities for a completely sincere
discussion of domestic issues.<o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24858"></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24859"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24860"><o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24861"> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24862"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24863">In sum, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24864">the </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24865">content of the AVPRF document cited in
Footnote 150 of <i id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24866">Tyranny of the Weak</i>
shows a strong discrepancy with Ivanov’s records of his conversations with the
East European diplomats but its content and date shows a strong correlation
with the Hungarian document cited above. The statement about the North Koreans’
sensitivity, attributed to Ivanov in <i id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24867">Tyranny
of the Weak</i>, was actually made by Szarvas after the conversation, in such a
way that Ivanov was not even aware of it. While the narrative of <i id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24868">Tyranny of the Weak </i>suggests that the
Soviets were aware of this sensitivity and instructed the East Europeans to
take it into consideration, the real situation was that Szarvas’ awareness of
North Korean sensitivity induced him <i id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24869">not</i>
to comply with Ivanov’s instructions. <o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24870"></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24871"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24872"><o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24873"> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24874"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24875"><o:p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24876"> </o:p></span></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_21925" dir="ltr">
</div><div style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none" dir="ltr" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24877"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_24878"> </span><span style="text-align: start;">Yours sincerely,</span></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_21925" dir="ltr"><span>Balazs Szalontai</span></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_21925" dir="ltr"><span>Korea University, Sejong Campus, Department of North Korean Studies</span></div><div class="qtdSeparateBR" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_21924"><br><br></div><div class="yahoo_quoted" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_21914" style="display: block;"> <div style="font-family: Helvetica Neue-Light, Helvetica Neue Light, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, Sans-Serif; font-size: 13px;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_21913"> <div style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, Sans-Serif; font-size: 16px;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_21912"> <div dir="ltr" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_21920"> <font size="2" face="Arial" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_21922"> <hr size="1" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_22199"> <b id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_23706"><span style="font-weight:bold;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_23705">From:</span></b> Charles K. Armstrong <cra10@columbia.edu><br> <b><span style="font-weight: bold;">To:</span></b> Korean Studies Discussion List <koreanstudies@koreanstudies.com> <br> <b><span style="font-weight: bold;">Sent:</span></b> Monday, 19 September 2016, 20:44<br> <b id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_23760"><span style="font-weight: bold;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_23759">Subject:</span></b> [KS] Tyranny of the Weak<br> </font> </div> <div class="y_msg_container" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_21911"><br><div id="yiv8577030288"><div dir="ltr" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_21910"><div style="font-size:12.8px;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_21909">Dear KS list members,</div><div style="font-size:12.8px;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_22091"><br></div><div style="font-size:12.8px;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_22093">I have begun a thorough review of the citations in Tyranny of the Weak and will contact my publisher with any necessary corrections. I would like to thank my readers for their useful comments.</div><div style="font-size:12.8px;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_22255"><br></div><div style="font-size:12.8px;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_22095">Sincerely,</div><div style="font-size:12.8px;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_22097"><br></div><div style="font-size:12.8px;" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_22099">Charles K. Armstrong</div><div class="yiv8577030288gmail-yj6qo yiv8577030288gmail-ajU" style="margin:2px 0px 0px;font-size:12.8px;"></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1474292343667_22102"><br></div>-- <br><div class="yiv8577030288gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr">Charles K. Armstrong<div>Professor of History, Columbia University</div><div>516 Fayerweather Hall, 1180 Amsterdam Ave</div><div>New York, NY 10027</div><div>Tel: 212-854-1721</div></div></div>
</div></div><br><br></div> </div> </div> </div></div></body></html>