<div dir="ltr"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">Prof. Baker raises two valid points:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><br></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">-<span style="font-stretch:normal;font-size:7pt;line-height:normal;font-family:"times new roman""> </span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt">An ethical question about historical truth or fact; and,</span><br></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><br></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">-<span style="font-stretch:normal;font-size:7pt;line-height:normal;font-family:"times new roman""> </span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt">Particular points of contention over how a book covered aspects of Kwangju 1980 and Cheju 1948 as means to provide examples on the first point.</span><br></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"times new roman",serif"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">The first, and most important point, about the ethics of handling historical truth/fact, is an easy one. Truth and fact should <b>ALWAYS</b> trump untruth and falsehood. This requires the scrupulous handling of primary sources.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">The challenge, however, as every historian is aware, is determining what constitutes truth and fact. Historical truth is not only elusive, but may never be attainable. This is one of the reasons why historians will never be out of a job, because of the endless challenges and revisions of historical "truth and fact." History is subject to the whims of human passion, emotion, biases, and who knows what other obstacles we have to elucidating and identifying the ultimate truth and fact. Even names, dates and locations, which should have ultimate truths, can be and have been disputed, more often than not. As many of us have seen, experienced, and studied, history often serves a political master, whether mobilized from the outside or self-imposed by the convictions of the individual historian.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">There is no historical truth, only historical consensus.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">Prof. Baker refers to "historical records" and "what people in Kwangju told me" as definitive proof of a certain historical truth and fact. We see from Don Kirk’s post, also based eye witness a different historical truth that directly challenges Prof. Baker’s hence beautifully demonstrating the fragility and capriciousness of “historical truth.” Neither “historical records” or eye witness accounts source are free from distortions. Only the accumulation of a greater number of corroborating evidence can weigh historical interpretation toward a certain truth and fact. But, as in the sciences, it is only a temporary state, truth until proven otherwise by new evidence.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">Turning now to the specific issues of historical truth or correcting "a serious misreading of the historical record" as Prof. Baker puts it, let me start by confessing that the book he is referring to, which he very graciously withheld from naming, is my <i>Brothers at War: The Unending Conflict in Korea </i>(Norton 2013 in the U.S. and Profile 2013 in the UK)<i>, </i>which, for those unfamiliar, is a narrative history of the North-South confrontation and competition from 1945 to early 2013. It has been widely praised as one of the most complete and balanced account of the situation in Korea. It was featured in the 2013 National Book Festival and selected as one of the best books on Asia in 2013 by <i>Foreign Affairs. </i> I strove very hard to produce an even handed account that minimized judgment and show the good, the bad, and the ugly of the tragedy and triumph of post World War II Korean history. This was especially important to me because of the highly charged partisanship that exists in modern Korean historiography. I am gratified that the vast number of readers appreciated my non-partisan approach.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">It is for this reason that I am disappointed that Prof. Baker chose to highlight two narrow extracts of my book that implies a partisan historical perspective. Subscribers not familiar with my book may draw the conclusion that I am an apologist for Chun's violent crackdown at Kwangju, and that I may be justifying the horrific put down of the Cheju uprising because it was instigated by thousands of mainland leftists. Nothing could be further from the truth. This is readily apparent if those selections are read in the context in which they were written and the larger narrative I convey. I've written nothing to justify the inhuman cruelty and violence afflicted on people in both incidents.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">Let's suppose that by stating that Kwangju citizens took up arms first and then Chun responded to it by surrounding the city with the army (pp. 417-419) that I "misread the historical record" although Don Kirk agrees with this sequence. I do not justify the cruel and violent army crackdown because the citizens took up arms first. Instead, I focused on what really mattered from Kwangju, how "the magnitude of state violence and the complete devastation of democratic forces and processes after the Kwangju uprising" ironically pushed forward grass roots forces toward a democratizing path for South Korea (p. 419). This discussion of Kwangju must be seen in the even larger narrative of where it fits in the chapter discussing the end of the Park Chung Hee era and still larger narrative of the Local War.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">Admittedly, my discussion of the Kwangju incident in two pages was too truncated. For example, I did not mention the paratroopers who were sent in to brutally attack students protesting the closure of Chonnam University on the morning of <span class="gmail-aBn" tabindex="0"><span class="gmail-aQJ">18 May</span></span>that was, according to “historical records” the spark that led the city to take up arms, which in turn resulted in regime forces surrounding and bloodily retaking the city. I did not think this detail critical to a narrative that clearly identifies the Chun regime as the side that perpetrated the attack. The sequence of events of whether citizens took up arms and then the regime reacted or vice versa does not change the unjustified and unmitigated violence meted out by the regime forces. What mattered was the profound impact of that violence on the historical path that South Korea followed afterwards.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">Prof. Baker did contact me about this issue. This is an important issue, but certainly not at the level of who started the June 25, 1950 conflict, a comparison to which Don Kirk characterizes as, I think correctly, “hyperbolic and distracting.” However, what is factually wrong must be corrected and Prof. Baker has promised to provide the evidence, more definitive than simply his words based on unspecified “historical records” and witness accounts, for my consideration. I will change my narrative if it is warranted.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">Turning to the second specific issue he raised, on the Cheju uprising of spring 1948, I admit to a misquote of the source and thank Prof. Baker for pointing it out although his posting on Korean Studies forum is the first time he raised it. The quote in my book was,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><i><span style="font-size:9.5pt">It [the Cheju rebellion] had received substantial outside help. Colonel Rothwell Brown, an American advisor, reported that the SKWP had infiltrated 'over six thousand agitators and organizers' from the mainland and, with the islanders, established cells in most towns and villages."....32 (p. 49)</span></i><span style="font-size:9.5pt"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">Endnote 32 states: John Merrill, <i>Korea: The Peninsular Origins of the War </i>(University of Delaware Press, 1989), p. 67; Bruce Cumings, <i>The Origins of the Korean War, vol. 2: The Roaring of the Cataract, 1947-1950 </i>(Princeton University Press, 1990), p. 254.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">Most of the paragraph in question in my book came from Cumings including this quote that I misquoted,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><i><span style="font-size:9.5pt">Interrogators [working for Colonel Rothwell Brown] also found evidence that the SKWP had infiltrated 'not over six trained agitators and organizers' from the mainland..."</span></i><span style="font-size:9.5pt"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">Clearly I was wrong and gave a false impression of a huge mainland SKWP presence in Cheju. Don Kirk’s instinct was right. It is unimaginable that the SKWP could have infiltrated 6,000 agents. However, this does not change the interpretive thrust of this section that the Cheju uprising had close links and support from the SKWP network, on the mainland and on Cheju as the Merrill source discusses. The origin of the Cheju uprising definitely had local roots, but it seems SKWP organizational support played an important part.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">I will correct this mistake in the next edition.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">My book undoubtedly has many areas for improvement and correction including the incorporation of new developments in modern Korean historiography. I will be the last one to say I had complete mastery of such long and complicated history. Mistakes, omissions and untenable distortions were inevitable. But they were never intentional.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">I thank Prof. Baker for raising such an important ethical question and an opportunity to discuss my book and helping it get closer to history's elusive truth.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">Sincerely,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:5pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">Sheila Miyoshi Jager</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:5pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><br></span></p><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Thu, Sep 29, 2016 at 6:30 PM, don kirk <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:kirkdon@yahoo.com" target="_blank">kirkdon@yahoo.com</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:rgb(255,255,255);font-family:verdana,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px"><div dir="ltr">Re Professor Baker's commentary on Kwangju, it happens I was in and around Kwangju at the time. There's no misreading or even really conflicting reports as cited by Baker. The citizens did seize arms from the police, turning the city into a fortress, as the author in question has written. I was there. I saw the troops outside the city and, after entering by a back road, saw protesters careening up and down streets on trucks waving weapons and was briefed, harangued, by revolt leaders who had set up hq in the provincial governor's bldg. (They issued me a press card!)</div><div dir="ltr">The Korean War invasion is hyperbolic and distracting. Chun did unleash soldiers to retake the city -- including special force troops. (Also Chun's KMA classmate Roh Moo-hyun pulled his division from south of the DMZ to Kwangju.) Protesters seized weapons, shots were fired and more than 200 died -- 160 known dead, entombed in a special cemetery, and 75 missing.</div><div dir="ltr">The real controversy concerns whether North Korean agents were firing up, maybe leading, the demonstrators. I was in Kwangju for the revolt anniversary in May with other journalists who had been there during the revolt as a guest of the local govt -- not an unbiased vantage, admittedly. They went to great lengths to argue that there was no evidence of North Korean involvement. I'm prepared to say, if there were North Korean informants or agents there, as everywhere, they were not visible and the revolt was basically home grown, locally led. </div><div dir="ltr">Re Jeju, where I've also spent considerable time, I hadn't heard anything about 6,000 members of the South Korean Labor Party sent to instigate an uprising. Nor had I heard of "not over six" sent from the mainland. The 6,000 figure cannot be right, but I wonder what source was misread. And, of course, after all this, it would be nice to know what book or author Baker is referring to.</div><div dir="ltr">Donald Kirk</div> <div><br><br></div><div style="display:block"> <div style="font-family:verdana,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px"> <div style="font-family:helveticaneue,"helvetica neue",helvetica,arial,"lucida grande",sans-serif;font-size:16px"> <div dir="ltr"><font size="2" face="Arial"> On Friday, September 30, 2016 1:51 AM, Don Baker <<a href="mailto:ubcdbaker@hotmail.com" target="_blank">ubcdbaker@hotmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></font></div> <br><br> <div><div>
<div><div dir="ltr">I have a question for all you Koreanists out there about professional ethics. What should we do if we discover a serious misreading of the historical record about an important historical event, and that misreading is put forward as fact in a widely-read book on modern Korean history? I don't want to name the book or the author here, since I am not interested in engaging in personal attacks or name-calling. I could point out the mistake in that book if I were asked to review it, but no one has asked me to do so. I have contacted the author, but the author did not respond. (I asked for the source of that misleading information, since it is not footnoted.)<div><br></div><div>This is not a trivial point of fact or a difference of interpretation. It is a basic distortion of one of the most important events in South Korean history since the Korean War. Here is the passage in question:</div><div>The author writes that the citizens of Kwangju, angry that Chun Doo Hwan had arrested Kim Daejung on May 17, 1980, "responded by seizing arms from local police, turning the city into a fortress....Chun responding by ordering the city surrounded by army units. He then unleashed them to retake control." There is no footnote providing a source for this misinformation.</div><div><br></div><div>That is a mistake on the scale of saying that the Korean War started when South Korea attacked the north in full force on June 25, 1950. The historical records clearly show (and those records are supported by what people in Kwangju told me in May, 1980) that Chun dispatched special forces troops to Kwangju and those troops began killing unarmed demonstrators (as well as some bystanders) on May 18. The people of Kwangju didn't grab rifles and begin shooting back until May 21. And they didn't seize those guns from the police. Actually, some policemen gave the citizens weapons to defend themselves. But most of the weapons in the hands of Kwangju citizens came from looted reserve army arsenals. </div><div><br></div><div>The same book, in a footnoted reference, states that over 6,000 members of the South Korean Labour Party were sent to Cheju in 1948 to instigate the uprising there. However, the source cited says that "not over six" mainlanders were sent to Cheju. By misreading a key secondary source, the author seriously distorts the historical record here by downplaying the local origins of the Cheju insurgency.</div><div><br></div><div>I bring this up because, with the forthcoming publication of a government-designed history textbook in South Korea, it is more important than ever that we get our facts straight. (I am very concerned about what that government-sponsored textbook will say about the Cheju Uprising and the Kwangju Resistance.) So how do we correct the record (I should point out again that these mistakes are found in a widely-read survey of modern Korean history) without getting into unseemly name-calling? What do we do if the author fails to respond when those mistakes are pointed out? I would hate to see those mistakes repeated in a 2nd edition of this book. After all, these are factual errors, not differences of interpretation, and therefore should be corrected. </div><div><br></div><div>Don Baker <div>Professor</div><div>Department of Asian Studies </div><div>University of British Columbia </div><div>Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z2 </div><div><a href="mailto:don.baker@ubc.ca" target="_blank">don.baker@ubc.ca</a></div></div> </div></div>
</div><br><br></div> </div> </div> </div></div></div></blockquote></div><br><br clear="all"><div><br></div>-- <br><div class="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div>Sheila Miyoshi Jager<br>Professor of East Asian Studies <br>Oberlin College<br>Oberlin, Ohio 44074</div></div></div>
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