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<div style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-outline-level:1" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40573"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:18.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40574"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40575"> </span>Prof. Don Baker has correctly pointed out the
mistaken description of the events leading up to the Kwangju massacre in May
1980, in </span><i id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40576">Brothers at War: The Unending Conflict in Korea</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style:italic" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40577">, by </span>Sheila Miyoshi Jager.</div><div style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-outline-level:1" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40634"><br> <span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:18.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40578"></span></div>
<div style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-outline-level:1" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40579"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:18.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40580">It is incorrect to say, as a quote from the
book does, that Kwangju citizens who were angry about Kim Dae Jung’s arrest, “</span>responded
by seizing arms from local police, turning the city into a fortress.” That falsely suggests that it was the citizens who first took up arms, thereby
giving the government an excuse to turn its own guns against them. That
completely distorts the dynamics of the uprising. In fact, it was the use of
guns and other weapons by paratroopers that caused citizens to rise up against
them, and eventually acquire guns themselves which they turned against the
soldiers.</div><div style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-outline-level:1" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40645"><br></div>
<div style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-outline-level:1" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40582">As paratroopers attacked unarmed citizens on the first
days of Kwangju (May 18-21), – bludgeoning and stabbing them with bayonets –
many citizens saw the unbridled use of force, told family members and
neighbors, and generated a widespread uprising against the travesty of the
nation’s army attacking the very citizens it was supposed to protect. When the
troops began firing into crowds of demonstrators on May 21, killing some and
wounding many, that was the final straw, and the protestors stole guns from
armories and turned them against the troops. That is very different from the
book’s description of citizens taking up guns first – allegedly because of
anger over Kim Dae Jung’s arrest.</div><div style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-outline-level:1" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40647"><br></div>
<div style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-outline-level:1" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40583">Prof. Jager has said she will consider correcting her
account if there is solid evidence. I would like to provide some.</div><div style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-outline-level:1" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40648"><br> </div>
<div style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-outline-level:1" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40584">1.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40585"> </span>I covered
Kwangju as a staff reporter for the Wall Street Journal’s Asian edition – The Asian
Wall Street Journal – which was published in Hong Kong. When I arrived in
Kwangju on the afternoon of Wednesday, May 21, 1980, the city was in turmoil. I
was wearing an armband that said “reporter,” and citizens immediately clustered
around me, wanting to tell me about people being killed. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40586"> </span>When I asked how I could confirm the deaths,
they took me to a nearby medical clinic. Someone called the doctor. He took me
upstairs and showed me a patient – a schoolboy with a bandaged leg. “It’s a
bullet wound,” the doctor told me. Then he added that three other patients had
died of bullet wounds in the clinic that afternoon. I learned that the four
young men had been shot near the Provincial Headquarters, where paratroopers
were shooting at demonstrators. The doctor said he also had treated a woman who
had been taken to a bigger hospital to get higher level care. He said she had
been stabbed by a bayonet. I asked about the three students’ bodies. He said
the families had taken them. I told him I needed to confirm that deaths had
occurred. He said I should go to Kwangju Christian Hospital, because it was
bigger and more casualties were being taken there.</div><div style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-outline-level:1" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40659"><br></div>
<div style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-outline-level:1" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40587">When I arrived at Kwangju Christian Hospital, casualties also
were arriving. I asked about deaths and was taken to a shed that held several
corpses with what looked like bullet wounds. As I stood there, more corpses
arrived, including one with the head nearly all shot away. The hospital soon had
63 wounded patients and 11 who had been killed, with more casualties arriving.</div><div style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-outline-level:1" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40661"><br> </div>
<div style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-outline-level:1" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40588">Meanwhile, citizens had begun taking up arms. I had already
seen some brandishing long guns, and a loudspeaker strapped to a car was
announcing that if people wanted guns, they were being distributed at a local
park. People were going to the park, getting guns, and I could hear shots as
they tried them out.</div><div style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-outline-level:1" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40674"><br></div>
<div style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-outline-level:1" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40589">Citizens were ready to take up guns because the paratroops
in the Provincial Headquarters had been shooting at protestors, killing the
doctor’s schoolboy patients, and others. That shooting was still going on and citizens
were loading arms to fire back. To them this was a matter of great urgency and
immediacy. This wasn’t a matter of getting guns because they were mad about Kim
Dae Jung’s arrest. That was three-day old news, which had been announced on May
18.</div><div style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-outline-level:1" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40672"><br></div>
<div style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-outline-level:1" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40590">All of this information, and much more from my seven days
of reporting in Kwangju was published at that time in The Asian Wall Street
Journal – mostly on Page One.</div><div style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-outline-level:1"><br></div>
<div style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-outline-level:1" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40591">(If you search for these articles, please understand that
they were published in the Asian Wall Street Journal daily edition distributed
in Asia. That was different from a separate weekly tabloid printed in the U.S.
with a similar name, which contained only brief versions of the Asian edition’s
original stories.)</div><div style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-outline-level:1" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40685"><br></div>
<div style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-outline-level:1" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40592">2.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40593"> </span>For more information
about who took up arms first, and when, I suggest referring to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40594"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:18.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40595">Kwangju Diary: Beyond Death,
Beyond the Darkness of the Age</span></i><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:18.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40596">, by Lee
Jae-eui, translated by Kap Su Seol and Nick Mamatas, published in 1999 at the
University of California, Los Angeles, as part of the UCLA Asian Pacific
Monograph Series.</span></div><div style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-outline-level:1" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40690"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:18.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40596"><br></span></div>
<div style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-outline-level:1" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40597"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:18.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40598">This important book provides
a day-by-day chronology of the events of Kwangju. I have used it as one of my
texts when teaching undergraduate courses about modern Korea because it is very readable and I believe
it is very accurate. The events in the book closely match the events I observed
in Kwangju or heard about from other people there.</span></div><div style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-outline-level:1" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40970"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:18.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40598"><br></span></div>
<div style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-outline-level:1" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40599"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:18.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40600">In the book’s description of how Kwangju
unfolded, the author details in several gripping chapters the rising tide of
brutality by paratroopers against Kwangju citizens, eventually culminating in
the paratroopers’ used of guns against unarmed civilians on May 21, which
goaded the citizens into getting guns to shoot back. Author Lee details the
actions by paratroopers which led to that backlash. He also details various
locations where guns were obtained, and when – Wednesday, May 21 – three days
after<span style="mso-spacerun:yes" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40602"> </span>Kim Dae Jung’s arrest was
announced, but only hours after the army started shooting at citizens. </span>To
incorrectly say the citizens took the extreme step of raising arms just because
of Kim Dae Jung’s arrest demeans their motives.</div><div style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-outline-level:1" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40706"><br></div>
<div style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-outline-level:1" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40603">Some disclosures:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40604"> </span>I have provided photos I took in Kwangju to a
number of publications, including the cover photo for Kwangju Diary. I have
twice participated in<span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:18.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40605"> hosted visits to Kwangju to
share and compare research, photographic images, and memories of the events of
1980 with Korean scholars , other reporters, and <span style="mso-spacerun:yes" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40606"> </span>participants in the 1980 events. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40607"> </span>I have led undergraduate field trips to
Kwangju about 10 times in as many years, introducing several hundred students
to the tragedy of Kwangju.</span></div><div style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-outline-level:1" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_41059"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:18.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40605"><br></span></div>
<div style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-outline-level:1" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40608"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:18.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40609">After teaching and learning
about Kwangju for years, I don’t recall ever having heard before anyone suggest that
it was the citizens who took up arms first. That simply doesn’t make sense. If
they had, the resistance wouldn’t have had the widespread popular support it
did. It was the brutality of the paratroopers and the use of guns against
citizens that galvanized people to take up arms.</span></div><div style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-outline-level:1" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40708"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:18.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40609"><br></span></div>
<div style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-outline-level:1" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40610"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:18.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40611">Norman Thorpe</span></div>
<div style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-outline-level:1" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40612"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:18.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40613">Retired adjunct faculty,
Whitworth University, Spokane, Washington state, USA</span></div>
<div style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-outline-level:1" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40614"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:18.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40615">Teaching faculty,
International Summer Session, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul</span></div>
<div style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-outline-level:1" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40616"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:18.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40617">Seoul-based staff reporter
for The Asian Wall Street Journal, 1978-1982</span></div>
<div class="qtdSeparateBR" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40227"><br></div><div class="yahoo_quoted" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40234" style="display: block;"> <div style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40233"> <div style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40232"> <div dir="ltr" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40318"> <font id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40317" size="2" face="Arial"> <hr size="1"> <b><span style="font-weight:bold;">From:</span></b> Sheila Miyoshi Jager <sheila.jager@oberlin.edu><br> <b><span style="font-weight: bold;">To:</span></b> Korean Studies Discussion List <koreanstudies@koreanstudies.com> <br> <b><span style="font-weight: bold;">Sent:</span></b> Thursday, September 29, 2016 5:08 PM<br> <b><span style="font-weight: bold;">Subject:</span></b> Re: [KS] Correcting the Record<br> </font> </div> <div class="y_msg_container" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40231"><br><div id="yiv0291297358"><div id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40230"><div dir="ltr" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40229"><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40246"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;">Prof. Baker raises two valid points:</span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40244"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;"><br clear="none"></span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40242"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;">-<span style="font-stretch:normal;font-size:7pt;line-height:normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt;" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40475">An ethical question about historical truth or fact; and,</span><br clear="none"></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40240"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;"><br clear="none"></span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40236"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;">-<span style="font-stretch:normal;font-size:7pt;line-height:normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt;" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40238">Particular points of contention over how a book covered aspects of Kwangju 1980 and Cheju 1948 as means to provide examples on the first point.</span><br clear="none"></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40228"><span style="font-size:12pt;"> </span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;">The first, and most important point, about the ethics of handling historical truth/fact, is an easy one. Truth and fact should <b>ALWAYS</b> trump untruth and falsehood. This requires the scrupulous handling of primary sources.</span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;"> </span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;">The challenge, however, as every historian is aware, is determining what constitutes truth and fact. Historical truth is not only elusive, but may never be attainable. This is one of the reasons why historians will never be out of a job, because of the endless challenges and revisions of historical "truth and fact." History is subject to the whims of human passion, emotion, biases, and who knows what other obstacles we have to elucidating and identifying the ultimate truth and fact. Even names, dates and locations, which should have ultimate truths, can be and have been disputed, more often than not. As many of us have seen, experienced, and studied, history often serves a political master, whether mobilized from the outside or self-imposed by the convictions of the individual historian.</span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;"> </span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;">There is no historical truth, only historical consensus.</span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;"> </span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;">Prof. Baker refers to "historical records" and "what people in Kwangju told me" as definitive proof of a certain historical truth and fact. We see from Don Kirk’s post, also based eye witness a different historical truth that directly challenges Prof. Baker’s hence beautifully demonstrating the fragility and capriciousness of “historical truth.” Neither “historical records” or eye witness accounts source are free from distortions. Only the accumulation of a greater number of corroborating evidence can weigh historical interpretation toward a certain truth and fact. But, as in the sciences, it is only a temporary state, truth until proven otherwise by new evidence.</span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;"> </span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;">Turning now to the specific issues of historical truth or correcting "a serious misreading of the historical record" as Prof. Baker puts it, let me start by confessing that the book he is referring to, which he very graciously withheld from naming, is my <i>Brothers at War: The Unending Conflict in Korea </i>(Norton 2013 in the U.S. and Profile 2013 in the UK)<i>, </i>which, for those unfamiliar, is a narrative history of the North-South confrontation and competition from 1945 to early 2013. It has been widely praised as one of the most complete and balanced account of the situation in Korea. It was featured in the 2013 National Book Festival and selected as one of the best books on Asia in 2013 by <i>Foreign Affairs. </i> I strove very hard to produce an even handed account that minimized judgment and show the good, the bad, and the ugly of the tragedy and triumph of post World War II Korean history. This was especially important to me because of the highly charged partisanship that exists in modern Korean historiography. I am gratified that the vast number of readers appreciated my non-partisan approach.</span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;"> </span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;">It is for this reason that I am disappointed that Prof. Baker chose to highlight two narrow extracts of my book that implies a partisan historical perspective. Subscribers not familiar with my book may draw the conclusion that I am an apologist for Chun's violent crackdown at Kwangju, and that I may be justifying the horrific put down of the Cheju uprising because it was instigated by thousands of mainland leftists. Nothing could be further from the truth. This is readily apparent if those selections are read in the context in which they were written and the larger narrative I convey. I've written nothing to justify the inhuman cruelty and violence afflicted on people in both incidents.</span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;"> </span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;">Let's suppose that by stating that Kwangju citizens took up arms first and then Chun responded to it by surrounding the city with the army (pp. 417-419) that I "misread the historical record" although Don Kirk agrees with this sequence. I do not justify the cruel and violent army crackdown because the citizens took up arms first. Instead, I focused on what really mattered from Kwangju, how "the magnitude of state violence and the complete devastation of democratic forces and processes after the Kwangju uprising" ironically pushed forward grass roots forces toward a democratizing path for South Korea (p. 419). This discussion of Kwangju must be seen in the even larger narrative of where it fits in the chapter discussing the end of the Park Chung Hee era and still larger narrative of the Local War.</span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;"> </span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;">Admittedly, my discussion of the Kwangju incident in two pages was too truncated. For example, I did not mention the paratroopers who were sent in to brutally attack students protesting the closure of Chonnam University on the morning of <span class="yiv0291297358gmail-aBn"><span class="yiv0291297358gmail-aQJ">18 May</span></span>that was, according to “historical records” the spark that led the city to take up arms, which in turn resulted in regime forces surrounding and bloodily retaking the city. I did not think this detail critical to a narrative that clearly identifies the Chun regime as the side that perpetrated the attack. The sequence of events of whether citizens took up arms and then the regime reacted or vice versa does not change the unjustified and unmitigated violence meted out by the regime forces. What mattered was the profound impact of that violence on the historical path that South Korea followed afterwards.</span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;"> </span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;">Prof. Baker did contact me about this issue. This is an important issue, but certainly not at the level of who started the June 25, 1950 conflict, a comparison to which Don Kirk characterizes as, I think correctly, “hyperbolic and distracting.” However, what is factually wrong must be corrected and Prof. Baker has promised to provide the evidence, more definitive than simply his words based on unspecified “historical records” and witness accounts, for my consideration. I will change my narrative if it is warranted.</span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;"> </span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;">Turning to the second specific issue he raised, on the Cheju uprising of spring 1948, I admit to a misquote of the source and thank Prof. Baker for pointing it out although his posting on Korean Studies forum is the first time he raised it. The quote in my book was,</span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;"> </span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;"><i><span style="font-size:9.5pt;">It [the Cheju rebellion] had received substantial outside help. Colonel Rothwell Brown, an American advisor, reported that the SKWP had infiltrated 'over six thousand agitators and organizers' from the mainland and, with the islanders, established cells in most towns and villages."....32 (p. 49)</span></i><span style="font-size:9.5pt;"></span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;"> </span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;">Endnote 32 states: John Merrill, <i>Korea: The Peninsular Origins of the War </i>(University of Delaware Press, 1989), p. 67; Bruce Cumings, <i>The Origins of the Korean War, vol. 2: The Roaring of the Cataract, 1947-1950 </i>(Princeton University Press, 1990), p. 254.</span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;"> </span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;">Most of the paragraph in question in my book came from Cumings including this quote that I misquoted,</span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;"> </span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;"><i><span style="font-size:9.5pt;">Interrogators [working for Colonel Rothwell Brown] also found evidence that the SKWP had infiltrated 'not over six trained agitators and organizers' from the mainland..."</span></i><span style="font-size:9.5pt;"></span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;"> </span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;">Clearly I was wrong and gave a false impression of a huge mainland SKWP presence in Cheju. Don Kirk’s instinct was right. It is unimaginable that the SKWP could have infiltrated 6,000 agents. However, this does not change the interpretive thrust of this section that the Cheju uprising had close links and support from the SKWP network, on the mainland and on Cheju as the Merrill source discusses. The origin of the Cheju uprising definitely had local roots, but it seems SKWP organizational support played an important part.</span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;"> </span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;">I will correct this mistake in the next edition.</span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;"> </span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;">My book undoubtedly has many areas for improvement and correction including the incorporation of new developments in modern Korean historiography. I will be the last one to say I had complete mastery of such long and complicated history. Mistakes, omissions and untenable distortions were inevitable. But they were never intentional.</span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;"> </span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40253"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;">I thank Prof. Baker for raising such an important ethical question and an opportunity to discuss my book and helping it get closer to history's elusive truth.</span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1475518946298_40255"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;"> </span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;">Sincerely,</span></div><div class="yiv0291297358MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:5pt;font-size:12.8px;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;">Sheila Miyoshi Jager</span><br></div></div></div></div><br></div> </div> </div> </div></div></body></html>