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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"" class="ContentPasted0">Greetings from an earlier time in East Asian history, Frank et allia,<o:p class="ContentPasted0">
<br>
</o:p></span></p>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"" class="ContentPasted0"><o:p class="ContentPasted0"><br>
</o:p></span></p>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"" class="ContentPasted0"><o:p class="ContentPasted0"><font size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span class="PlainText"><span style="font-family: "Segoe UI", "Segoe UI Web (West European)", "Segoe UI", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Roboto", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class="ContentPasted1">Frank
 wrote:</span></span></p>
<div class="PlainText"><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class="ContentPasted1">"In any case, aside from the specific context that piqued my interest,
</span><br class="ContentPasted1">
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<div class="PlainText"><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class="ContentPasted1">it's fascinating to note that there were essentially no intermarriages
</span><br class="ContentPasted1">
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<div class="PlainText"><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class="ContentPasted1">among royal families in East Asia. Perhaps this can be attributed to
</span><br class="ContentPasted1">
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<div class="PlainText"><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class="ContentPasted1">the significant disparities between these countries, as they weren't
</span><br class="ContentPasted1">
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<div class="PlainText"><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class="ContentPasted1">direct competitors. Alternatively, it could be due to the nature of
</span><br class="ContentPasted1">
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<div class="PlainText"><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class="ContentPasted1">their relationships, which were characterized by Confucian tributary
</span><br class="ContentPasted1">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class="ContentPasted1">dynamics rather than horizontal alliances. The intermarriages then
</span><br class="ContentPasted1">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class="ContentPasted1">happened a level lower, within Chinese warlord families, for example
</span><br class="ContentPasted1">
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<div class="PlainText"><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class="ContentPasted1">(Chiang himself is an example for exactly that)."</span></div>
</span></font><br>
</o:p></span>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""><o:p class="ContentPasted0"> </o:p></span></p>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"" class="ContentPasted0">But according to the
<i class="ContentPasted0">Samguk sagi</i>, there were royal intermarriages in Northeast Asia—in fact, marriages between Silla and Paekche (allegedly twice)<sup class="ContentPasted0">1</sup>, Silla and Kaya (once)<sup class="ContentPasted0">2</sup>, and Japan
 and Silla (twice, at least formal proposals offered)<sup class="ContentPasted0">3</sup>. In the latter case, both marriages are said to have been proposed by Japan, although it's unclear whether in either case the marriage was ever consummated, yet in the
 first case, the daughter of a named high official—whom I think was undoubtedly a close member of the royal clan, if not of born of the reigning family—was chosen for the honor. I believe that there is a factual basis for all these accounts, but in my estimation
 the dating in all cases but two (1a & 2 below) is anachronistic.<o:p class="ContentPasted0"> </o:p></span></p>
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<sub><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""><o:p class="ContentPasted0"> </o:p></span></sub></p>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"" class="ContentPasted0">Jonathan<o:p class="ContentPasted0"> </o:p></span></p>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""><o:p class="ContentPasted0"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal ContentPasted0 elementToProof" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif; color: black;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" class="ContentPasted0">1a.
<i class="ContentPasted0">Silla Annals</i>: </span><span style="mso-themecolor:text1" class="ContentPasted0">493:3</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-themecolor:text1" class="ContentPasted0">
</span>(Soji 15:3) Paekche's King Modae [= Tongsŏng] sent an envoy requesting [a bride] for marriage. The King selected
<i class="ContentPasted0">Ibǒlch'an</i> Piji's daughter and sent her. <span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" class="ContentPasted0">
[<i class="ContentPasted0">SGSG</i> 3.128 (Soji 15:30; HU tr. pp. 106–07]<o:p class="ContentPasted0"> </o:p></span></p>
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<i><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" class="ContentPasted0">Paekche
 Annals</span></i><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" class="ContentPasted0">:
 493:3 (Tongsŏng</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" class="ContentPasted0">15:3) The
 king sent an envoy to Silla to request a marriage alliance. The king of Silla chose the daughter of
<i class="ContentPasted0">Ich’an</i> Piji and sent her to be one of his secondary wives. [<i class="ContentPasted0">SGSG</i> 26.371 (Tongsŏng 15:3; Best tr. p.311]</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"><o:p class="ContentPasted0"> </o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:5.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"><o:p class="ContentPasted0"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal ContentPasted0 elementToProof" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif; color: black;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" class="ContentPasted0">1b.
<i class="ContentPasted0">Silla Annals</i>: </span><span style="mso-themecolor:text1" class="ContentPasted0">553:10</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-themecolor:text1" class="ContentPasted0">
</span>(Chinhŭng 14:10) <span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" class="ContentPasted0">
The [Silla] king married a Paekche princess making her a secondary queen. [<i class="ContentPasted0">SGSG</i> 4.135
</span>(Chinhŭng 14:10)<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" class="ContentPasted0">; HU tr. pp.
 126]</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"><o:p class="ContentPasted0"> </o:p></span></p>
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<i><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" class="ContentPasted0">Paekche
 Annals</span></i><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" class="ContentPasted0">:
 553:10 (Sŏng </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" class="ContentPasted0">31:10) A daughter
 of the king was sent in marriage to Silla. [<i class="ContentPasted0">SGSG</i> 26.376 (Sŏng 31:3; Best tr. p.335]</span><o:p class="ContentPasted0"> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif; color: black;">
<sub><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""><o:p class="ContentPasted0"> </o:p></span></sub></p>
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" class="ContentPasted0">2.
<i class="ContentPasted0">Silla Annals</i>:</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" class="ContentPasted0">
 522:3 (Pŏphŭng 9:3) The king of Kaya sent an envoy to our court to request establishing a marriage alliance. Our king favored the connection and, in response, selected the younger sister of
<i class="ContentPasted0">Ich’an</i> Pijobu and sent her. [<i class="ContentPasted0">SGSG</i> 4.132 (Pŏphŭng 9:3); HU tr. 118]</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"><o:p class="ContentPasted0"> </o:p></span></p>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""><o:p class="ContentPasted0"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal ContentPasted0 elementToProof" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif; color: black;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"" class="ContentPasted0">3a.
</span><i><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" class="ContentPasted0">Silla
 Annals</span></i><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" class="ContentPasted0">:</span>
 312:2 (Hŭrhae 3:2) The king of Wa sent an envoy proposing a marriage for his son, the king sent the daughter of
<i class="ContentPasted0">Ach’an </i>Kŭmni. <span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" class="ContentPasted0">
[<i class="ContentPasted0">SGSG</i> 2.118 </span>(Hŭrhae 3:2); HU tr. p.82)<o:p class="ContentPasted0"> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif; color: black;">
<span style="font-size:5.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""><o:p class="ContentPasted0"> </o:p></span></p>
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3b. <i><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" class="ContentPasted0">Silla
 Annals</span></i><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" class="ContentPasted0">:</span>
 344:2 (Hŭrhae 35:2) The king of Wa sent an envoy requesting a marriage with a daughter of the king, but the king declined because all of his daughters were married.
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" class="ContentPasted0">
[<i class="ContentPasted0">SGSG</i> 2.119 </span>(Hŭrhae 35:2; HU tr. p.83)<span style="mso-spacerun:yes" class="ContentPasted0"> 
</span><o:p class="ContentPasted0"> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif; color: black;">
<i><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"><o:p class="ContentPasted0"> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal elementToProof" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif; color: black;">
<i><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" class="ContentPasted0">SGSG</span></i><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" class="ContentPasted0">
 = Academy of Korean Studies edition, v. 1<o:p class="ContentPasted0"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif; color: black;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" class="ContentPasted0">HU tr. = Shultz & Kang, English translation
 of the <i class="ContentPasted0">Silla Annals</i><o:p class="ContentPasted0"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif; color: black;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin" class="ContentPasted0">Best tr. = my English translation
 of the <i class="ContentPasted0">Paekche Annals</i></span><i><o:p class="ContentPasted0"> </o:p></i></p>
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<div class="PlainText elementToProof"><span style="font-family: "Segoe UI", "Segoe UI Web (West European)", "Segoe UI", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Roboto", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(237, 92, 87);">Frank wrote:</span><br>
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<div class="PlainText elementToProof"><span style="color: rgb(237, 92, 87);">In any case, aside from the specific context that piqued my interest,
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<span style="color: rgb(237, 92, 87);">it's fascinating to note that there were essentially no intermarriages
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<span style="color: rgb(237, 92, 87);">among royal families in East Asia. Perhaps this can be attributed to
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<span style="color: rgb(237, 92, 87);">the significant disparities between these countries, as they weren't
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<div class="PlainText elementToProof"><span style="color: rgb(237, 92, 87);">direct competitors. Alternatively, it could be due to the nature of
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<div class="PlainText elementToProof"><span style="color: rgb(237, 92, 87);">their relationships, which were characterized by Confucian tributary
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<span style="color: rgb(237, 92, 87);">dynamics rather than horizontal alliances. The intermarriages then
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<span style="color: rgb(237, 92, 87);">happened a level lower, within Chinese warlord families, for example
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<span style="color: rgb(237, 92, 87);">(Chiang himself is an example for exactly that).</span><br>
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