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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:black">Dear colleagues, </span></p>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:black"> </span></p>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:black">Please see below for information about the nineteenth session of the 2026-2027 Enemy Encounters in East Asia webinar series of the
Research Training Group "Ambivalent Enmity: Dynamics of Antagonism in Asia, Europe, and the Middle East\u201d at Heidelberg University and the Heidelberg University of Jewish Studies, Germany.</span></p>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black"></span></p>
<p class="Default" align="center" style="text-align:center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:14.0pt;color:#C45911;mso-themecolor:
accent2;mso-themeshade:191;letter-spacing:-.3pt">\u201c</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:#ED7D31;mso-themecolor:accent2">Regionality
and Family in Pirate Organization in the Fourteenth Century: Exploring the Role of `Solidarities\u2019 (<i>ikki</i>) among the Waegu</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:14.0pt;color:#C45811">\u201d</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:14.0pt;color:#C45911;mso-themecolor:
accent2;mso-themeshade:191;letter-spacing:-.3pt"></span></b></p>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:14.0pt;
line-height:106%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black">Peter Shapinsky </span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"New serif",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black"></span></b></p>
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line-height:106%;background:white">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">(</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext">Professor,
University of Illinois</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black">)</span></p>
<ul type="disc">
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background:white">
<b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:NL">October 23, 2026, 4 PM (</span></b><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:NL">Heidelberg,
CEST) via ZOOM. </span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:NL"></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt;
background:white">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:
"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">The webinar will not be recorded.</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:
"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN-US">If you would like to attend the webinars, please contact
</span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="mailto:barend.noordam@hcts.uni-heidelberg.de"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US">barend.noordam@hcts.uni-heidelberg.de</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US">.
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""></span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoListBullet" style="line-height:normal;mso-list:none"><a name="_Hlk75508898"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext 0cm;
padding:0cm;background:white">In
this session</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-alt:none windowtext 0cm;padding:0cm;background:white">,
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Peter Shapinsky</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> (Professor, University of Illinois)
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext 0cm;padding:0cm;
background:white">will share his thoughts on the first waves of Waegu piracy in East Asia:</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;background:white"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"New serif",serif;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black"><br>
</span></i></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;background:white"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"New serif",serif;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black">In this presentation I offer some initial thoughts about debates surrounding the
so-called first wave of Waegu, Japanese pirates that laid waste to Kory\u014f Korea and raided late Yuan and early Ming China between 1350 and 1420. I address debates about the bases, organization, and scale of the Waegu by exploring possible connections between
the piracy and \u201csolidarities\u201d (ikki) of Kyushu. A horizontal form of local organization, Ikki comprised villages, allied military families, or a single lineage based in specific locales. Ikki codified collective decision-making through ritual oath-taking to
protect or enhance the economic and territorial privileges of members; they mediated conflict resolution and negotiations with overlords. Solidarities flourished during Japan\u2019s long civil war of 1336-1392 in which warlords backed competing imperial claimants
and sought to establish hegemony over the archipelago. Ikki proved useful to warlords to harness local support for military campaigns that crisscrossed Kyushu and its sea-lanes, opening potential avenues for raids across the seas. This civil war thus fueled
the fourteenth-century wave of piracy, whose participants hailed from Tsushima, Iki, and the northern Kyushu region known as Matsura. Many of the Iki and Matsura participants drew from several solidarities of Kyushu enmeshed in the civil war. Although often
described in EuroAmerican scholarship as ephemeral organizations that succumbed to hierarchical warrior lordship, many of the solidarities of Kyushu villages and warriors proved durable politically, judicially, and militarily. </span></i></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;background:white"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"New serif",serif;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black"><span style="text-decoration:none"> </span></span></u></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;background:white"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"New serif",serif;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black">BACKGROUND</span></u></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;background:white"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext 0cm;padding:0cm">For more information
about the </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:
10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black">Research Training Group "Ambivalent Enmity: Dynamics of Antagonism in Asia, Europe, and the Middle East\u201d<span style="border:none windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext 0cm;
padding:0cm">,
please visit our website </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext"><a href="https://www.ambivalentenmity.uni-heidelberg.de/en"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-alt:none windowtext 0cm;padding:0cm">https://www.ambivalentenmity.uni-heidelberg.de/en</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext 0cm;padding:0cm">.
</span></p>
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</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">The RTG also produces the podcast series
<i>Enemy Encounters </i>which features interviews and in-depth discussions conducted by members of the RTG with scholars, researchers and journalists about various cases of ambivalent enmity in Eurasia as a whole. It can be accessed</span><span lang="EN-GB">
here: <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/enemy-encounters/id1783137716">
https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/enemy-encounters/id1783137716</a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">.
<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></p>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> </span></p>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Previous recorded webinar sessions can be watched on the YouTube channel of Heidelberg University here:
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xw0s5rDZZ0c&list=PLuRaSnb3n4kSI9PBuEf3WECUVZ6V_k9mB">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xw0s5rDZZ0c&list=PLuRaSnb3n4kSI9PBuEf3WECUVZ6V_k9mB</a>.
</span></p>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"New serif",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black"> </span></p>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black">Kind regards,</span></p>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black"> </span></p>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black"> </span></p>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-top:0cm;
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black">Barend Noordam</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#201F1E"></span></p>
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<p><b><span style="font-size:8pt">-------------------------------------------------------------------------<br>
</span></b></p>
<p><b><span style="font-size:8pt">Dr. Barend Noordam</span></b></p>
<p><span style="font-size:8pt">RTG Ambivalent Enmity</span><span style="font-size:8pt">
</span><span style="font-size:8pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif,serif,"EmojiFont"">|</span><span style="font-size:8pt">
</span><span style="font-size:8pt">Postdoctoral Research Fellow <br>
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt"><br>
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-size:8pt">Heidelberg Centre for Transcultural Studies
</span><span style="font-size:8pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif,serif,"EmojiFont"">|</span><span style="font-size:8pt"> HCTS</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:8pt">Karl Jaspers Centre</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt"></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif,serif,"EmojiFont"">Voßstr. 2 | Building 4400 | Room 009</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:8pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif,serif,"EmojiFont"">69115 Heidelberg, Germany</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:8pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif,serif,"EmojiFont""> </span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:8pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif,serif,"EmojiFont"">Tel: +49 (0) 6221 544082</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:8pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif,serif,"EmojiFont"">E: barend.noordam@hcts.uni-heidelberg.de</span></p>
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</span><a href="https://www.ambivalentenmity.uni-heidelberg.de/en/people/dr-barend-noordam" class="OWAAutoLink" id="LPNoLP">https://www.ambivalentenmity.uni-heidelberg.de/en/people/dr-barend-noordam</a><br>
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