[KS] 1871 Incident
Frank Hoffmann
hoffmann at fas.harvard.edu
Sat May 20 13:04:43 EDT 2000
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1871 Incident
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D
Bauer, K.Jack. "The Korean Expedition of 1871." United States Naval
Institute Proceedings 74 (February 1948): 197-204.
Cable, E.M. "The United States-Korean Relations 1866-1871."
Transactions of the Korea Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 28
(1938): 1-230.
Cable, E.M. United States Korean Relations: 1866-1871. English
publication. Seoul: Literary Dept. of the Chosen Christian College,
1939.
Location: State: DC, Library: LNN, Library: NHC
Gosnell, H.H. "The Navy in Korea, 1871." American Neptune 7, no.
April (1947): 107-114.
Runyan, C.F. "Captain Mclane Tilton and the Korean Incident of 1871."
Marine Corps Gazette 42, no. 2 (1958): 36-48, (33): 36-50.
Abstract: Describes the intervention of US Marines under Captain
McLane Tilton in Korea in 1871 to open Korea to American economic and
political penetration.
[Copyright =A9: ABC-CLIO, Ltd.]
Schley, W.S. "Our Navy in Korea: Asiatic Squadron under John Rodgers,
1870-1871." Harper's Magazine's Weekly 38 (August 18, 1894): 779-783.
Schley, Winfield Scott. "Rear Admiral Schley on the Little War of
1871." The Korea Review 5 (1905): 97-106.
Castel, Albert, and Andrew C. Nahm. "Our Little War with the
Heathen." American Heritage 19, no. 3 (1968): 18-23, 72-75.
Abstract: A little-known event among American historians is the
first American conflict with Korea, in 1871. Korea was the last major
Asiatic country which resisted Westernization and was thus called the
"Hermit Kingdom." Following the destruction of an American merchant
vessel on the Taedong River, the United States dispatched Frederick
=46erdinand Low, U.S. minister to China, and Rear Admiral John Rodgers
to Korea with 1,230 fighting men. The American fleet sailed to Korea
and up the Han River. As the flotilla passed fortified positions on
Kanghoa Island, they were fired on by 200 cannon. Admiral Rodgers
then landed 650 men, destroyed the island fortifications, and
captured Kanghoa's principal fort after violent combat. Inadequate
military reserves forced American withdrawal. It would be another
decade before the United States would conclude a treaty of commercial
reciprocity with Korea. Based on primary and secondary sources;
photos.
J. D. Born, Jr.
[Copyright =A9: ABC-CLIO, Ltd.]
Kim, David Hongkee. "Americans in Korea: The Background of the
Shufeldt Treaty: 1866 to 1882." Ph.D. diss., Georgetown University,
1983.
Abstract: This background study of the origins of United
States-Korean relations, from the beginnings of American involvement
in Korea in 1866 to the signing of the Shufeldt Treaty in 1882,
places the role Americans and their activity in "opening" Korea
within the context of a shifting pattern of East Asian international
relations. While presenting Korea's desire to preserve its seclusion
and the principal tenets of its traditional foreign policy of sadae
chui with China and kyorin with Japan, it also investigates the
continuous external pressure Korea faced from the leading Western
powers as well as the basic character of Sino-Japanese rivalry over
Korea. During the period 1866 to 1882, the purpose of the United
States remained the same: to effect a treaty which would protect
mariners and promote commerce. However, the methods for achieving
this treaty shifted through three stages: (1) from 1866 to 1868,
which dealt with the search for the General Sherman and a treaty
through Chinese cooperation; (2) from 1870 to 1871, which sought
direct contact with the Korean government and used force in an
attempt to resolve the issue; and (3) from 1880 to 1882, which relied
on diplomacy and sought first the "good offices" of Japan and then of
China. In the final analysis, the United States's policy toward Korea
could not proceed solely from American initiative. It was
inextricably bound up with the changing network of international
relations linking Korea with China and Japan. Research for this study
required Chinese, Japanese, Korean, French, and American sources. It
was done with the idea of attempting to study American diplomatic
history in conjunction with the histories of other countries and
their inter-relationships.
[UMI accession no.: AAC 8425177. The dissertation citation and
abstract contained in this record is published with permission of
Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. Further reproduction
is prohibited without permission.]
Kolb, Richard K. "Tiger Hunt in Korea." VFW, Veterans of Foreign Wars
Magazine 77, no. 7 (March 1990): 16-18.
Abstract: The 1871 weekend war in Korea, where the fierce "Tiger
Hunt" defended the Hermit Kingdom, thus earning the respect of US
marines and sailors, is chronicled.
Leary, William M., Jr. "Our Other War in Korea." U.S. Naval Institute
Proceedings 94, no. 6 (1968): 46-53.
Abstract: Describes the punitive amphibious assault on the Kingdom
of Korea in 1871. In 1866, as a result of allegedly provocative
actions, the crew of an American schooner had been killed in the
closed Kingdom of Korea. Upon the recommendation of the American
Consul General in Shanghai, the American Minister to China, Frederick
=46erdinand Low (1828-94), was instructed in 1870 to secure from the
Koreans promises of "protection and good treatment" of American
sailors. Rear Admiral John Rodgers (1812-82) received orders to
support the Low mission with "a display of force adequate to support
the dignity of this government." As the American squadron proceeded
up the channel toward Seoul in 1871, Korean forts took the ships
under fire. Messages from the government of Yi Haung, the Taewon-gun,
indicated that the Koreans desired no friendly relations with
foreigners. Low and Rodgers decided an amphibious assault on the
forts to "vindicate the honor of the flag," In the ensuing action 3
Americans and 243 Koreans died. The forts were demolished; the naval
squadron remained for a short while, awaiting overtures from the
Korean king which never came. Japan, not the U.S., would open the
Hermit Kingdom a few years later, paving the way for a treaty with
the United States in 1882.
W. C. Frank
[Copyright =A9: ABC-CLIO, Ltd.]
Peake, Louis A. "The United States 'Weekend War' with Korea."
Military Collector and Historian 33, no. 1 (1981): 13-17.
Abstract: Relates the circumstances, military leaders, and actions
of the so-called Weekend War between the United States and Korea in
1871, intended to open up Korea to the western world and to gather
information about the destruction of the American schooner, General
Sherman, in 1866 by the Koreans.
[Copyright =A9: ABC-CLIO, Ltd.]
Tyson, Carolyn A. Marine Amphibious Landing in Korea, 1871. A Naval
Historical Foundation publication: ser. 2, no. 5. Washington: Naval
Historical Foundation, 1966.
Location: CLAG Los Angeles Public Library
NYCX Cornell University
Werstein, Irving. The Trespassers: Korea, June 1871. New York: Dutton, 1969.
Call No.: E183.8.K7 W4 1969
Winkler, Robin L. "Korea: American Intervention, 1866-1871." M.A.
thesis, Columbia University, 1949.
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--></style><title>1871 Incident</title></head><body>
<div><font face=3D"Times New Roman">1871 Incident</font></div>
<div><font face=3D"Times New Roman">=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D</font>=
</div>
<div><font face=3D"Times New Roman"><br></font></div>
<div><font face=3D"Times New Roman" color=3D"#000000">Bauer, K.Jack.
=B3The Korean Expedition of 1871.=B2<i> United States Naval Institute
Proceedings</i> 74 (February 1948): 197-204.<br>
</font></div>
<div><font face=3D"Times New Roman" color=3D"#000000">Cable, E.M. =B3The
United States-Korean Relations 1866-1871.=B2<i> Transactions of the
Korea Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society</i> 28 (1938):
1-230.</font></div>
<div><font face=3D"Times New Roman" color=3D"#000000"><br></font></div>
<div><font face=3D"Times New Roman" color=3D"#000000">Cable, E.M.<i>
United States Korean Relations: 1866-1871</i>. English publication.
Seoul: Literary Dept. of the Chosen Christian College, 1939.<br>
<font size=3D"-1"><u> Location</u>: State: DC,
Library: LNN, Library: NHC</font></font><br>
<font face=3D"Times New Roman" size=3D"-1" color=3D"#000000"></font></div>
<div><font face=3D"Times New Roman" color=3D"#000000">Gosnell, H.H.
=B3The Navy in Korea, 1871.=B2<i> American Neptune</i> 7, no. April
(1947): 107-114.<br>
</font></div>
<div><font face=3D"Times New Roman" color=3D"#000000">Runyan, C.F.
=B3Captain Mclane Tilton and the Korean Incident of 1871.=B2<i>
Marine Corps Gazette</i> 42, no. 2 (1958): 36-48, (33): 36-50.<br>
<font size=3D"-1"><u> Abstract</u>: Describes the intervention of
US Marines under Captain McLane Tilton in Korea in 1871 to open Korea
to American economic and political penetration.<br>
[Copyright =A9: ABC-CLIO, Ltd.]</font></font><br>
<font face=3D"Times New Roman" size=3D"-1" color=3D"#000000"></font></div>
<div><font face=3D"Times New Roman" color=3D"#000000">Schley, W.S. =B3Our
Navy in Korea: Asiatic Squadron under John Rodgers, 1870-1871.=B2<i>
Harper's Magazine's Weekly</i> 38 (August 18, 1894): 779-783.<br>
</font></div>
<div><font face=3D"Times New Roman" color=3D"#000000">Schley, Winfield
Scott. =B3Rear Admiral Schley on the Little War of 1871.=B2<i> The
Korea Review</i> 5 (1905): 97-106.<br>
</font></div>
<div><font face=3D"Times New Roman" color=3D"#000000">Castel, Albert, and
Andrew C. Nahm. =B3Our Little War with the Heathen.=B2<i> American
Heritage</i> 19, no. 3 (1968): 18-23, 72-75.<br>
<font size=3D"-1"><u> Abstract</u>: A little-known event among
American historians is the first American conflict with Korea, in
1871. Korea was the last major Asiatic country which resisted
Westernization and was thus called the "Hermit Kingdom."
=46ollowing the destruction of an American merchant vessel on the
Taedong River, the United States dispatched Frederick Ferdinand Low,
U.S. minister to China, and Rear Admiral John Rodgers to Korea with
1,230 fighting men. The American fleet sailed to Korea and up the Han
River. As the flotilla passed fortified positions on Kanghoa Island,
they were fired on by 200 cannon. Admiral Rodgers then landed 650
men, destroyed the island fortifications, and captured Kanghoa's
principal fort after violent combat. Inadequate military reserves
forced American withdrawal. It would be another decade before the
United States would conclude a treaty of commercial reciprocity with
Korea. Based on primary and secondary sources; photos.<br>
J. D. Born, Jr.<br>
[Copyright =A9: ABC-CLIO, Ltd.]</font></font><br>
<font face=3D"Times New Roman" size=3D"-1" color=3D"#000000"></font></div>
<div><font face=3D"Times New Roman" color=3D"#000000">Kim, David Hongkee.
=B3Americans in Korea: The Background of the Shufeldt Treaty: 1866 to
1882.=B2 Ph.D. diss., Georgetown University, 1983.<br>
<font size=3D"-1"><u> Abstract</u>: This background study of the
origins of United States-Korean relations, from the beginnings of
American involvement in Korea in 1866 to the signing of the Shufeldt
Treaty in 1882, places the role Americans and their activity in
"opening" Korea within the context of a shifting pattern of
East Asian international relations. While presenting Korea's desire
to preserve its seclusion and the principal tenets of its traditional
foreign policy of sadae chui with China and kyorin with Japan, it
also investigates the continuous external pressure Korea faced from
the leading Western powers as well as the basic character of
Sino-Japanese rivalry over Korea. During the period 1866 to 1882, the
purpose of the United States remained the same: to effect a treaty
which would protect mariners and promote commerce. However, the
methods for achieving this treaty shifted through three stages: (1)
from 1866 to 1868, which dealt with the search for the General
Sherman and a treaty through Chinese cooperation; (2) from 1870 to
1871, which sought direct contact with the Korean government and used
force in an attempt to resolve the issue; and (3) from 1880 to 1882,
which relied on diplomacy and sought first the "good
offices" of Japan and then of China. In the final analysis, the
United States's policy toward Korea could not proceed solely from
American initiative. It was inextricably bound up with the changing
network of international relations linking Korea with China and
Japan. Research for this study required Chinese, Japanese, Korean,
=46rench, and American sources. It was done with the idea of attempting
to study American diplomatic history in conjunction with the
histories of other countries and their
inter-relationships.</font></font></div>
<div><font face=3D"Times New Roman" size=3D"-1" color=3D"#000000">[UMI
accession no.: AAC 8425177. The dissertation citation and abstract
contained in this record is published with permission of Bell &
Howell Information and Learning Company. Further reproduction is
prohibited without permission.]</font></div>
<div><font face=3D"Times New Roman"><br></font></div>
<div><font face=3D"Times New Roman" color=3D"#000000">Kolb, Richard K.
=B3Tiger Hunt in Korea.=B2<i> VFW, Veterans of Foreign Wars
Magazine</i> 77, no. 7 (March 1990): 16-18.<br>
<font size=3D"-1"><u> Abstract</u>: The 1871 weekend war in
Korea, where the fierce "Tiger Hunt" defended the Hermit
Kingdom, thus earning the respect of US marines and sailors, is
chronicled.</font></font><br>
<font face=3D"Times New Roman" size=3D"-1" color=3D"#000000"></font></div>
<div><font face=3D"Times New Roman" color=3D"#000000">Leary, William M.,
Jr. =B3Our Other War in Korea.=B2<i> U.S. Naval Institute
Proceedings</i> 94, no. 6 (1968): 46-53.<br>
<font size=3D"-1"><u> Abstract</u>: Describes the punitive
amphibious assault on the Kingdom of Korea in 1871. In 1866, as a
result of allegedly provocative actions, the crew of an American
schooner had been killed in the closed Kingdom of Korea. Upon the
recommendation of the American Consul General in Shanghai, the
American Minister to China, Frederick Ferdinand Low (1828-94), was
instructed in 1870 to secure from the Koreans promises of
"protection and good treatment" of American sailors. Rear
Admiral John Rodgers (1812-82) received orders to support the Low
mission with "a display of force adequate to support the dignity
of this government." As the American squadron proceeded up the
channel toward Seoul in 1871, Korean forts took the ships under fire.
Messages from the government of Yi Haung, the Taewon-gun, indicated
that the Koreans desired no friendly relations with foreigners. Low
and Rodgers decided an amphibious assault on the forts to
"vindicate the honor of the flag," In the ensuing action 3
Americans and 243 Koreans died. The forts were demolished; the naval
squadron remained for a short while, awaiting overtures from the
Korean king which never came. Japan, not the U.S., would open the
Hermit Kingdom a few years later, paving the way for a treaty with
the United States in 1882.<br>
W. C. Frank<br>
[Copyright =A9: ABC-CLIO, Ltd.]</font></font><br>
<font face=3D"Times New Roman" size=3D"-1" color=3D"#000000"></font></div>
<div><font face=3D"Times New Roman" color=3D"#000000">Peake, Louis A.
=B3The United States 'Weekend War' with Korea.=B2<i> Military
Collector and Historian</i> 33, no. 1 (1981): 13-17.<br>
<font size=3D"-1"><u> Abstract</u>: Relates the circumstances,
military leaders, and actions of the so-called Weekend War between
the United States and Korea in 1871, intended to open up Korea to the
western world and to gather information about the destruction of the
American schooner, General Sherman, in 1866 by the Koreans.<br>
[Copyright =A9: ABC-CLIO, Ltd.]</font></font></div>
<div><font face=3D"Times New Roman" size=3D"-1"
color=3D"#000000"><br></font></div>
<div><font face=3D"Times New Roman" color=3D"#000000">Tyson, Carolyn
A.<i> Marine Amphibious Landing in Korea, 1871</i>. A Naval
Historical Foundation publication: ser. 2, no. 5. Washington: Naval
Historical Foundation, 1966.<br>
<font size=3D"-1"><u> Location</u>: CLAG Los Angeles
Public Library<br>
NYCX Cornell University<br>
<br>
</font>Werstein, Irving.<i> The Trespassers: Korea, June 1871</i>.
New York: Dutton, 1969.<br>
<font size=3D"-1"><u> Call No.</u>: E183.8.K7 W4
1969</font></font></div>
<div><font face=3D"Times New Roman" color=3D"#000000"> </font></div>
<div><font face=3D"Times New Roman" color=3D"#000000">Winkler, Robin L.
=B3Korea: American Intervention, 1866-1871.=B2 M.A. thesis, Columbia
University, 1949.<br>
</font></div>
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