[KS] Re: Japanese Colonization Period
Theodore M Critchfield
tcritchf at uog9.uog.edu
Thu Sep 7 11:23:12 EDT 2000
REPLY sends your message to the whole list
__________________________________________
I would disagree with the statement that Japanese forces were welcomed
in Indonesia based upon a book I read 20-some years ago narrating the
experiences of a young Indonesian girl, who saw her father captured in
uniform and beheaded and who was herself--at nine or ten years of age--
imprisoned by Japanese forces, sentenced to be executed, driven to
a cliff in a truck load of other prisoners and who watched as the
prisoners were beheaded, one by one. When it was her turn, the Japanese
officer in charge stopped her execution, took her back to the camp, and
kept her as his main for most of the remainder of the occupation.
Don't remember the name of the book, which was loaned to me by relatives
of the girl.
Ted
On Tue, 5 Sep 2000, Henny Savenije wrote:
> REPLY sends your message to the whole list
> __________________________________________
>
> Both in Indonesia, but less in Malaysia the Japanese were welcomed as
> liberators, the Dutch and British defeated and interned in concentration
> camps. Later the Japanese started to use the local population as a labor
> force and the promise to liberate them was quickly and conveniently forgotten:
>
> From http://www.ggr.ulaval.ca/ATLAS_J/HistE.html#F
>
> Until World War II, though, it had been impossible to fight efficiently
> against Dutch colonialism. But following the Japanese victory in the
> Battle of the Java Sea (February 1942), Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta, who
> were among the leaders of the nationalist movements,
> quickly realized how to get advantage of the contradictory Japanese
> Occupation policies. Taking advantage of the Japanese own
> maneuvers to gain their support, they worked towards Independence. On the
> 17th of August 1945, a few days after the capitulation of
> Japan, Independence was officially declared by Sukarno. The Pancasila
> became the fundamental creed of the new Republic, while a
> Constitution was adopted on the 18th of August 1945
>
> And from http://www.indonesianet.com/hilight/hiancien.htm
>
>
> THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION
>
> After their attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, the Japanese forces moved
> southwards to conquer several Southeast Asian countries. After Singapore
> had fallen, they invaded the Dutch East Indies and the colonial army
> surrendered in March 1942.
>
> Soekarno and Hatta were released from their detention. The Japanese began
> the propaganda campaign for what they called " Great East Asia Coprosperity
> ". But Indonesian soon realized that it was a camouflage for Japanese
> imperialism in place of Dutch colonialism.
>
> To further the cause of Indonesia's independence, Soekarno and Hatta
> appeared to cooperate with the Japanese authorities. In reality, however,
> Indonesian nationalist leaders went underground and masterminded
> insurrections in Blitar ( East Java ), Tasikmalaya and Indramayu ( West
> Java ), and in Sumatra and Kalimantan.
>
> Under the pressure of the 4th Pacific war, where their supply lines were
> interrupted, and the increasing of Indonesian insurrections, the Japanese
> ultimately gave into allow the red-and-white flag to fly as the Indonesian
> national flag. Recognition of " "Indonesia Raya" as the national anthem and
> Bahasa Indonesia as the national language followed. Hence, the youth's
> pledge of 1928 was fulfilled.
>
> After persistent demands, the Japanese finally agreed to place the civil
> administration of the county into Indonesian hands. This was a golden
> opportunity for nationalist leaders to pepper for the proclamation of
> Indonesia's independence.
>
> From
> http://www.britannica.com/bcom/eb/article/1/0,5716,109271+2+106301,00.html
>
>
>
> Japanese occupation
>
> Japanese military authorities in Java, having interned Dutch
> administrative personnel, found it necessary to use Indonesians in many
> administrative positions, thus giving them opportunities that had been
> denied them under the Dutch. In order to secure popular acceptance of
> their rule, the Japanese sought also to enlist the support of both
> nationalist and Islamic leaders. Under this policy Sukarno and Hatta both
> accepted positions in the military administration.
>
> Though initially welcomed as liberators, the Japanese gradually
> established themselves as harsh overlords. Their policies fluctuated
> according to the exigencies of the war, but, in general, their primary
> object was to make the Indies serve Japanese war needs. Nationalist
> leaders, however, felt able to trade support for political concessions.
> Sukarno was able to convince the administration that Indonesian support
> could only be mobilized through an organization that would represent
> genuine Indonesian aspirations. In March 1943 such an organization, Putera
> (Pusat Tenaga Rakjat; "Centre of the People's Power") was inaugurated
> under his chairmanship. While the new organization enabled Sukarno to
> establish himself more clearly as the leader of the nation and while it
> enabled him to develop more effective lines of communication to the
> people, it also placed upon him the responsibility of trying to sustain
> Indonesian support for Japan through, among other things, the
> romusha (forced-labour) program. Later in the year Indonesian opinion was
> given a further forum in a Central Advisory Council and a series of local
> councils. At a different level, Indonesian youths were able to acquire a
> sense of corporate identity through membership in the several youth
> organizations established by the Japanese. Of great importance, also, was
> the creation in October 1943 of a volunteer defense force composed of and
> officered by Indonesians trained by the Japanese. The Sukarela Tentara
> Pembela Tanah Air (Peta) was to become the core of the republic's
> army during the revolution.
>
> In March 1944 the Japanese, feeling that Putera had served Indonesian
> rather than Japanese interests, replaced it with a "people's loyalty
> organization" (Djawa Hokokai), which was kept under much closer control.
> Six months later the Japanese premier announced the Japanese intention to
> prepare the Indies for self-government. In August 1945, on the eve of the
> Japanese surrender, Sukarno and Hatta were summoned to Saigon, Vietnam,
> where Terauchi Hisaichi, commander of Southeast Asia, promised an
> immediate transfer of independence.
>
> On their return to Djakarta (Jakarta; formerly Batavia), Sukarno and
> Hatta were under pressure to declare independence unilaterally. This
> pressure reached its climax in the kidnapping of the two men, for a day,
> by some of Djakarta's youth leaders. After the news of the Japanese
> surrender had been confirmed, Sukarno proclaimed independence on the
> morning of Aug. 17, 1945.
>
> From http://www.mesharpe.com/63245442.htm
>
> Title -- War, Nationalism and Peasants: Java Under the Japanese Occupation,
> 1942-1945
>
> Author(s): Shigeru Sato
>
> Description: This book is an important account of growing international
> interest: wartime Asia, notably Japanese colonialism and the
> colonial-native interaction. Focusing on Java, Sato explores the enormous
> human drama which cannot be explained simply in terms of nationalism and
> fascism. He addresses the totality of Indonesian society: from high
> politics to the daily lives of landless peasants; from the details of local
> administration in Java to the intellectual climate in Japan influencing the
> Japanese rulers.
>
> Synthesizing a wide range of source materials both official and
> non-official, written and oral, this book presents with striking
> originality a coherent and comprehensive interpretation of the Japanese
> occupation of Java.
>
> Review(s): Sato's intent is to set the record straight on the Japanese
> occupation of Java--and by implication, of the Netherlands Indies--by
> arguing a `holistic' theory that the people of Java were both passive
> victims and active players. ... Graduate, faculty. -- CHOICE;
> Using a wide range of sources (Japanese, Dutch, and Indonesian), the author
> revisits wartime Java. ... Contributes considerable new detail on wartime
> economic activities, especially concerning rice production and trade. --
> CELLAR ARRIVALS;
> A careful work on the impact of the Japanese occupation of Indonesia ... on
> Javanese peasant society in the years 1942-45. ... A very valuable
> contribution to the historiography of Indonesia during the Second World
> War, primarily because of its successful combination of macro and micro
> levels of research. -- THE JOURNAL OF MILITARY HISTORY
>
> Selected Contents:
> I: The Military Administration for Total Mobilization;
> Japanese Expansion and Java;
> Administration through the Indigenous Bureaucracy;
> Call for Total Mobilization through the Nationalists;
> Towards the Construction of "New Java";
> II: The Peasantry of Java and the Military Administration;
> Javanese Villages during the Early Occupation;
> "Control" over Rice;
> labor Mobilization and Work Conditions
>
> Series: Japan in the Modern World
>
> more literature:
>
>
> B.R.O'G Anderson, Some aspects of Indonesian politics under the Japanese
> occupation, 1944-1945 (Ithaca, 1961)
>
> B.R.O'G Anderson, Java in a Time of Revolution. Occupation and Resistance,
> 1944-1946 (Ithaca, 1972)
>
> B.R.O'G Anderson, 'Japan. The light of Asia', in: Josef Silverstein (ed.),
> Southeast Asia in World War II: four essays (New Haven, 1966) 13-50
>
> Benedict Anderson, 'Problem of Rice', in: Indonesia 2 (1966) 77-123
>
> Lorriane V. Aragon, 'Japanese Time and the Mica Mine: Occupation
> Experiences in the Central Sulawesi Highlands', in: JSEAS 27 (1996) 1, 49-63
>
> M. A. Aziz, Japan's Colonialism and Indonesia (The Hague, 1955)
>
> Henri Baudet, 'The Netherlands after the Loss of Empire', in: Journal of
> Contemporary History (1969) 1, 127-140
>
> Harry Benda, 'The Beginnings of the Japanese Occupation of Java', in: The
> Far Eastern Quarterly 15 (1956) 4, 541-560
>
> Harry J. Benda, The Crescent and the Rising Sun. Indonesian Islam under the
> Japanese occupation, 1942-1945 (The Hague and Bandung 1958; repr. Dordrecht
> and Cinnaminson 1983)
>
> Harry Benda, 'The Japanese Interregnum' in: Grant K. Goodman (ed.),
> Imperial Japan and Asia. A Reassessment (New York, 1967) 65-79
>
> H.J. Benda, J.K. Irikura, Koichi Kishi (eds.), Japanese Military
> Administration in Indonesia. Selected Documents (New Haven, 1965)
>
> W.H. Elsbree, Japan's Role in Southeast Asian Nationalist Movements 1940 to
> 1945 (Cambridge Mass., 1953)
>
> Theodore Friend, The Blue-Eyed Enemy. Japan against the West in Java and
> Luzon, 1942-1945 (Princeton, 1988)
>
> Sumio Fukami, 'Japanese Source Materials on the Japanese Military
> Administration in Indonesia' in: J. van Goor (ed.), Indonesian Revolution.
> Papers of the Conference held in Utrecht, 17-20 June 1986, 33-55
>
> S.M. Gandasubrata, An Account of the Japanese Occupation of Banyumas
> Residency, Java, March 1942 to August 1945 (Ithaca, 1953)
>
> Kenichi Goto, 'The Life and Death of Abdul Rachman. One Aspect of
> Japanese-Indonesian Relations', in: Indonesia 22 (1976) 57-68
>
> Kenichi Goto, ''Bright Legacy' or 'Abortive Flower'. Indonesian Students in
> Japan during World War 2', in: Goodman (ed.), Japanese Cultural Policies,
> pp. 7-35
>
> Kenichi Goto, 'Indonesia under the "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity
> Sphere"', in: Donald Denoon, Mark Hudson, Gavan MacCormack and Tessa
> Morris-Suzuki (eds.), Multicultural Japan. Palaeolithic-Post-Modern
> (Cambridge, 1996) 160-173
>
> Kenichi Goto, 'Modern Japan and Indonesia. The Dynamics and Legacy of
> Wartime Rule', in: BKI 152 (1996) 4, 536-552
>
> Kenichi Goto, 'Caught in the Middle: Japanese Attitudes toward Indonesian
> Independence in 1945', in: Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 27 (1996) 1,
> 37-48
>
> Kenichi Goto, 'The Semarang Incident in the Context of Japanese-Indonesian
> Relations' in: Taufik Abdullah (ed.), The Heartbeat of the Indonesian
> Revolution (Jakarta, 1997) 133-148
>
> Bartholomew Landheer, The Netherlands East Indies comes of age (New York,
> 1946)
>
> Mohammad Hatta, The Co-operative Movement in Indonesia (Ithaca, 1957)
>
> Mohammad Hatta, The Putera Reports: Problems in Indonesian-Japanese Wartime
> Cooperation Transl. by William H. Frederick (Ithaca 1971)
>
> Frans Hüsken, 'Islam and collective action. Rural violence in north central
> Java in 1942', in: Dick Kooiman (ed.), Conversion, competition and
> conflict. Essays on the role of religion in Asia (1984) 123-154
>
> Yoichi Itagaki, Kôichi Kishi, 'Japanese Islamic Policy in Sumatra and
> Malaya', in: Intisari (Singapore) 2 (1966) 3, 11-23 Japanese military
> administration in Indonesia (Washington, 1963); transl. of the Japanese ed.
> (Tokyo 1959) Japanese military administration in Indonesia (Washington,
> 1963); transl. of the Japanese ed. (Tokyo 1959)
>
> Yohanna Johns, 'The Japanese as Educators in Indonesia. A Personal View',
> in: Newell (ed.), Japan in Asia, 25-31
>
> G.S Kanahele, The Japanese Occupation of Indonesia. Prelude to Independence
> (Ph.D. thesis; Cornell University, 1967)
>
> Albert E. Kersten, 'International intervention in the decolonization of
> Indonesia, 1945-1962', in: Charles-Robert Ageron, Marc Michel (éds.), L'ère
> des décolonisations. Actes du colloque d'Aix-en-Provence (Paris : Éditions
> Karthala, 1995) 269-280
>
> Aiko Kurasawa, Mobilization and Control: A Study of Social Change in Rural
> Java, 1942-1945 (unpublished Ph.D. thesis; Cornell, 1988) Indonesian
> transl.: Mobilisasi dan kontrol. Studi tentang perubahan sosial di pedesaan
> Jawa 1942-1945 (Jakarta, 1993)
>
> Aiko Kurasawa, 'Japanese Occupation and Leadership Changes in Javanese
> Villages', In: J. van Goor (ed.), Indonesian Revolution 57-78
>
> Aiko Kurasawa, 'Forced Delivery of Paddy and Peasant Uprisings in
> Indramayu, Indonesia. Japanese Occupation and Social Change', in: The
> Developing Economies 21 (1983) 1, 52-72
>
> Aiko Kurasawa, 'Propaganda Media on Java under the Japanese 1942-1945', in:
> Indonesia 44 (1987) 59-116
>
> Aiko Kurasawa, 'Japanese Film Propaganda in Java, 1942-1945', in: Southeast
> Asia: History and Culture 18 (1989) 41-69
>
> Aiko Kurasawa, 'Japanese Educational Policy in Java, 1942-1945', in:
> Journal of the Japan-Netherlands Institute 2 (1990) 178-192
>
> Aiko Kurasawa, 'Film as Propaganda Media on Java under the Japanese,
> 1942-45', in: Goodman (ed.), Japanese Cultural Policies 36-92
>
> John D. Legge, Intellectuals and Nationalism in Indonesia. A Study of the
> Following Recruited by Sutan Sjahrir in Occupation Jakarta (Ithaca, 1988)
>
> Anton E. Lucas (ed.), Local Opposition and Underground Resistance to the
> Japanese in Java, 1942-1945 (Clayton, 1986)
>
> Anton Lucas, 'Images of the Indonesian Woman during the Japanese Occupation
> 1942-45' in: Jean Gelman Taylor (ed.), Women Creating Indonesia (Clayton,
> 1997) 52-90
>
> Raden Gatot Mangkupradja, 'The Peta and My Relations with the Japanese. A
> Correction of Sukarno's Autobiography', in: Indonesia 5 (1968) 105-134
>
> Alfred W. McCoy (ed.), Southeast Asia under Japanese Occupation (New Haven,
> 1981)
>
> Yoshitada Murayama, 'The Pattern of Japanese Economic Penetration of the
> Prewar Netherlands East Indies', in: Saya Shiraishi and Takashi Shiraishi
> (eds.), The Japanese in Colonial Southeast Asia (Ithaca, 1993) 89-111
>
> Thomas R. Murray, 'Educational Remnants of Military Occupation. The
> Japanese in Indonesia', in: Asian Survey 6 (1966) 630-642
>
> Nicole Niessen, 'Indonesian Municipalities under Japanese Rules', in: Peter
> J.M. Nas (ed.), Issues in Urban Development. Case Studies from Indonesia
> (Leiden, 1995) 115-131
>
> Christoffel Anthonie Olivier van Nieuwenhuijze, What the Japanese did to
> Islam in Java (Djakartam, 1947)
>
> Ian Nish (ed.), Indonesian Experience. The Role of Japan and Britain in
> Indonesia, 1943-1945 (London, 1981)
>
> Nugroho Notosusanto, The PETA-Army in Indonesia 1943-45 (Jakarta, 1971)
>
> Nugroho Notosusanto, The Revolt Against Japanese of a PETA Batallion in
> Blitar, February 14 1945 (Jakarta, 1974)
>
> Nugroho Notosusanto The Japanese Occupation and Indonesian Independence
> (Jakarta, 1975)
>
> Nugroho Notosusanto The PETA Army during the Japanese Occupation of
> Indonesia (Tokyo, 1979)
>
> Nugroho Notosusanto, 'The Revolt of the PETA-Battalion in Blitar February
> 14, 1945', in: Asian Studies 7, 1 (April 1969) 111-123
>
> Nugroho Notosusanto, 'The PETA Army in Indonesia 1943-1945' in: William H.
> Newell (ed.), Japan in Asia 32-45
>
> S. Oba, 'Recollections of Indonesia, 1944-1947' in: Ian Nish (ed.),
> Indonesian Experience. The Role of Japan and Britain, 1945-1948 (London, 1979)
>
> Bas Pompe, 'The Effects of the Japanese Administration on the Judiciary in
> Indonesia', in: BKI 152 (1996) 4, 573-585
>
> James Poppe, Political Development in the Netherlands East Indies during
> and immediately after the Japanese Occupation (Ph.D. thesis; Washington, 1948)
>
> G. Pratt, The Japanese Occupation of Indonesia. The Role of Putera in the
> Development of Indonesian Nationalism (Ph.D. thesis; Melbourne, s.a.)
>
> P. M. Prillwitz, 'The Estate Agriculture during the Japanese Occupation',
> in: The Economic Review of Indonesia 1 (1947) 2, 13-17
>
> F.A. Rachmat-Ishaya, Indonesian Women's Organizations during the Japanese
> Occupation, 1942-1945 (working paper Moderne Aziatische Geschiedenis UvA;
> Amsterdam, 1991)
>
> Jayanta Kumar Ray, Transfer of power in Indonesia, 1942-1949 (Bombay, 1967)
>
> Anthony Reid, Oki Akira (eds.), The Japanese Experience in Indonesia.
> Selected Memoirs of 1942-1945 (Athens, Ohio, 1986)
>
> Anthony Reid, 'The Japanese Occupation and Rival Indonesian Elites.
> Northern Sumatra in 1942', in: JAS 35 (1975) 1, 49-61
>
> Anthony Reid, 'Indonesia. From Briefcase to Samurai Sword', in: McCoy
> (ed.), Southeast Asia under Japanese Occupation 13-26
>
> Peter Romijn, 'Myth and Understanding. Recent Controversy about Dutch
> Historiography on the Netherlands-Indonesian Conflict', in: Robert S.
> Kirshner (ed.), The Low countries and Beyond (Lanham : University Press of
> America, 1993) 219-232
>
> Shigeru Sato, War, nationalism and Peasants. Java under the Japanese
> Occupation, 1942-1945 (Sydney, 1994)
>
> Shigeru Sato, 'The pangreh praja in Java under Japanese Military Rule', in:
> BKI 152 (1996) 4, 586-608
>
> Barbara Gifford Shimer, Guy Hobbs (eds.), The Kenpeitai in Java and
> Sumatra. Selections from The Authentic History of the Kenpeitai [Nihon
> Kenpei Seishi] (Ithaca, 1986)
>
> Josef Silverstein (ed.), Southeast Asia in World War II. Four Essays (New
> haven, 1966)
>
> Mas Slamet, The Afterglow of the Japanese Sunset, I, II. A Surfeit of
> Excellencies (Jakarta, 1946)
>
> Mas Slamet, Japanese Machinations (4 vols.; Batavia, 1946)
>
> L. Sluimers, 'The Rice Situation in Java and Madura during the Japanese
> Era, 1942-1945', in: Bernd Martin and Alan S. Milward (eds.), Agriculture
> and Food Supply in the Second World War (Ostfildern, 1985) 283-296
>
> László Sluimers, 'The Japanese Military and Indonesian Independence', in:
> JSEAS 27 (1996) 1, 19-36
>
> John O. Sutter, Indonesianisasi. Politics in a Changing Economy, 1940-55
> (Ithaca, 1959)
>
> Takao Fusayama A Japanese Memoir of Sumatra 1945-1946. Love and Hatred in
> the Liberation War (Ithaca, 1993)
>
> Elly Touwen-Bouwsma, 'Indonesian Nationalists and the Japanese "Liberation"
> of Indonesia. Visions and Reactions', in: JSEAS 27 (1996) 1, 1-18
>
> Elly Touwen-Bouwsma, 'Japanese Minority Policy. The Eurasians on Java and
> the Dilemma of Ethnic Loyalty', in: BKI 152 (1996) 4, 553-572
>
> K. de Weerd (ed.), The Japanese Occupation of the Netherlands East Indies
> (Tokyo, 1946)
>
> Yoichi Itagaki, Koichi Kishi, 'Japanese Islamic Policy. Sumatra & Malaya',
> in: Intisari. The Research Quarterly of Wider malaysia 2, 3, 11-23
>
> Niederländisch-Indien
>
> Dieter Brötel, 'Der Dekolonisationsprozeß Indonesiens. Endoge-ne und
> exogene Faktoren', In: Wolfgang J. Mommsen (Hrsg.-), Das Ende der
> Kolonialreiche. Dekoloni-sa-tion und die Poli-tik der Großmächte (Frankfurt
> am Main : Fi-scher, 1990) 67-89
>
> Anton Freitag, Glaubenssaat in Blut und Tränen. Die Missionen der
> Gesellschaft des Göttlichen Wortes in Asien, Afrika, Ozeanien und Amerika
> am Vorabend des Zweiten Weltkrieges. Ihre Leiden und Schiksale in und nach
> dem Krieg. Dem neuen Missi-onsfrühli-ng entgegen (Kaldenkirchen : Steyler,
> 1948)
>
> Sr. Sixta Kasbauer, Die aus grosser Drangsal kommen. Ein Buch von
> Menschenwegen und Gotteswalten aus den Kriegsjahren der Steyler
> Neuguinea-Mission (Steyl : Missionsdruc-kerei, 1951)
>
> Erich Kern, Weisser Mann - toter Mann? Ostasien im Umbruch. Ein
> Augenzeugenbericht (München : Welsermühl, 1959)
>
> Fred Poeppig, Javanisches Abenteuer. Das erwachen Asiens. Erlebtes und
> Erlittenes in Niederländisch-Ost-Indien während der japanischen
> Besetzungszeit (Basel : Zbinden, 1951)
>
> L.E.L. Sluimers, Samurai, Pemuda und Sakdalista. Die Japaner und der
> Radikalismus in Indonesien und den Philippinen (Am-sterdam : Universiteit
> van Amsterdam, 1972)
>
> Mark Tennien, Erinnerungen eines japanischen Kommandanten der Kaiserlichen
> Marine Japans (S.l. : s.n., s.a.)
>
> Les Indes neérlandaises
>
> Klaas Kooy, Survivant de la rivière Kwai. Java - Sumatra - Singapour -
> Rivière Kwai. 1942-1945 (Paris, 1992)
>
> Klaas Kooy, Dans l'enfer des camps Japonais (S.l. : s.n., 1970)
>
> A.G. Vromans, 'Les Indes neérlandaises, 1939-1945', in: Revue d'Histoire de
> la Deuxième Guerre Mondiale nr. 50 (1963) 27-37
>
> Japanese publications
>
> Ueno Fukuo Desa Cimahi: Analysis of a Village on Java during the Japanese
> Occupation (1943); W.J. Hendrix and S.C.N. de Jong, (eds.) (Rotterdam,
> 1988) CASP 11
>
> Resistance; Guerrilla
>
> D.C Horton, Ring of file. Australian guerrilla opearations against the
> Japanese in World War II (London, 1983)
>
> Memoirs
>
> Ken Attiwill, The rising sunset (London, 1957)
>
> Helen Colijn, Song of survival women interned (Oregon, 1995)
>
> Nell van de Graaff, We survived. A Mother’s Story of Japanese Captivity
> (St. Lucia, 1989)
>
> To Harrison, World Within. A Borneo Story (London, 1959)
>
> Gideon Francois Jacobs, Prelude to the Monsoon. Assignment in Sumatra
> (Philadelphia, 1982)
>
> Don Peacock, The Emperor's Guest. The Diary of a British Prisoner-of-War of
> the Japanese in Indonesia (Cambridge, 1989)
>
> Ketoet Tantri, Revolt in Paradise (London, 1960)
>
> Laurens van der Post, The Night of the New Moon (Tokyo, 1972)
>
> Dieuwke Wendelaar Bonga, Eight Prison Camps. A Dutch Family in Japanese
> Java (Athens, 1996)
>
>
> Readings from before I became interested in Korea.
>
>
> A Malaysian friend of mine told me that he hated the Japanese and
> Koreans alike for what they did during WWII. I was quite srprised.
> When I asked him why he told me that while many of the prison camps were
> run by Japanese, many of the guards were Korean. He added that,
> although the Japanese were cruel, they were predictable in thier
> violence, whereeas the Korean guards were both cruel and unpredictable
> thus generating a lot of fear.
>
> I also have, somewhere, a report (must dif it up) that shows some 240 or
> so Koreans were indicted for war crimes, some of whom were executed.
> While collaborators in the South seem to have gotten away with it, I
> wonder what happened to those in the North....
>
> Rupert Atkinson
>
> =========================
> Henny Savinije wrote:
>
>
> At least get my name right ;-)
> -----------------------------
> Henny (Lee Hae Kang)
>
> Feel free to visit
> http://www.henny-savenije.demon.nl
> and feel the thrill of Hamel discovering Korea (1653-1666)
> In Korean
> http://www.henny-savenije.demon.nl/indexk2.htm
>
>
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