[KS] Re: Japanese Colonization Period
Henny Savenije
adam&eve at henny-savenije.demon.nl
Tue Sep 5 08:18:54 EDT 2000
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Both in Indonesia, but less in Malaysia the Japanese were welcomed as
liberators, the Dutch and British defeated and interned in concentration
camps. Later the Japanese started to use the local population as a labor
force and the promise to liberate them was quickly and conveniently forgotten:
From http://www.ggr.ulaval.ca/ATLAS_J/HistE.html#F
Until World War II, though, it had been impossible to fight efficiently
against Dutch colonialism. But following the Japanese victory in the
Battle of the Java Sea (February 1942), Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta, who
were among the leaders of the nationalist movements,
quickly realized how to get advantage of the contradictory Japanese
Occupation policies. Taking advantage of the Japanese own
maneuvers to gain their support, they worked towards Independence. On the
17th of August 1945, a few days after the capitulation of
Japan, Independence was officially declared by Sukarno. The Pancasila
became the fundamental creed of the new Republic, while a
Constitution was adopted on the 18th of August 1945
And from http://www.indonesianet.com/hilight/hiancien.htm
THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION
After their attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, the Japanese forces moved
southwards to conquer several Southeast Asian countries. After Singapore
had fallen, they invaded the Dutch East Indies and the colonial army
surrendered in March 1942.
Soekarno and Hatta were released from their detention. The Japanese began
the propaganda campaign for what they called " Great East Asia Coprosperity
". But Indonesian soon realized that it was a camouflage for Japanese
imperialism in place of Dutch colonialism.
To further the cause of Indonesia's independence, Soekarno and Hatta
appeared to cooperate with the Japanese authorities. In reality, however,
Indonesian nationalist leaders went underground and masterminded
insurrections in Blitar ( East Java ), Tasikmalaya and Indramayu ( West
Java ), and in Sumatra and Kalimantan.
Under the pressure of the 4th Pacific war, where their supply lines were
interrupted, and the increasing of Indonesian insurrections, the Japanese
ultimately gave into allow the red-and-white flag to fly as the Indonesian
national flag. Recognition of " "Indonesia Raya" as the national anthem and
Bahasa Indonesia as the national language followed. Hence, the youth's
pledge of 1928 was fulfilled.
After persistent demands, the Japanese finally agreed to place the civil
administration of the county into Indonesian hands. This was a golden
opportunity for nationalist leaders to pepper for the proclamation of
Indonesia's independence.
From
http://www.britannica.com/bcom/eb/article/1/0,5716,109271+2+106301,00.html
Japanese occupation
Japanese military authorities in Java, having interned Dutch
administrative personnel, found it necessary to use Indonesians in many
administrative positions, thus giving them opportunities that had been
denied them under the Dutch. In order to secure popular acceptance of
their rule, the Japanese sought also to enlist the support of both
nationalist and Islamic leaders. Under this policy Sukarno and Hatta both
accepted positions in the military administration.
Though initially welcomed as liberators, the Japanese gradually
established themselves as harsh overlords. Their policies fluctuated
according to the exigencies of the war, but, in general, their primary
object was to make the Indies serve Japanese war needs. Nationalist
leaders, however, felt able to trade support for political concessions.
Sukarno was able to convince the administration that Indonesian support
could only be mobilized through an organization that would represent
genuine Indonesian aspirations. In March 1943 such an organization, Putera
(Pusat Tenaga Rakjat; "Centre of the People's Power") was inaugurated
under his chairmanship. While the new organization enabled Sukarno to
establish himself more clearly as the leader of the nation and while it
enabled him to develop more effective lines of communication to the
people, it also placed upon him the responsibility of trying to sustain
Indonesian support for Japan through, among other things, the
romusha (forced-labour) program. Later in the year Indonesian opinion was
given a further forum in a Central Advisory Council and a series of local
councils. At a different level, Indonesian youths were able to acquire a
sense of corporate identity through membership in the several youth
organizations established by the Japanese. Of great importance, also, was
the creation in October 1943 of a volunteer defense force composed of and
officered by Indonesians trained by the Japanese. The Sukarela Tentara
Pembela Tanah Air (Peta) was to become the core of the republic's
army during the revolution.
In March 1944 the Japanese, feeling that Putera had served Indonesian
rather than Japanese interests, replaced it with a "people's loyalty
organization" (Djawa Hokokai), which was kept under much closer control.
Six months later the Japanese premier announced the Japanese intention to
prepare the Indies for self-government. In August 1945, on the eve of the
Japanese surrender, Sukarno and Hatta were summoned to Saigon, Vietnam,
where Terauchi Hisaichi, commander of Southeast Asia, promised an
immediate transfer of independence.
On their return to Djakarta (Jakarta; formerly Batavia), Sukarno and
Hatta were under pressure to declare independence unilaterally. This
pressure reached its climax in the kidnapping of the two men, for a day,
by some of Djakarta's youth leaders. After the news of the Japanese
surrender had been confirmed, Sukarno proclaimed independence on the
morning of Aug. 17, 1945.
From http://www.mesharpe.com/63245442.htm
Title -- War, Nationalism and Peasants: Java Under the Japanese Occupation,
1942-1945
Author(s): Shigeru Sato
Description: This book is an important account of growing international
interest: wartime Asia, notably Japanese colonialism and the
colonial-native interaction. Focusing on Java, Sato explores the enormous
human drama which cannot be explained simply in terms of nationalism and
fascism. He addresses the totality of Indonesian society: from high
politics to the daily lives of landless peasants; from the details of local
administration in Java to the intellectual climate in Japan influencing the
Japanese rulers.
Synthesizing a wide range of source materials both official and
non-official, written and oral, this book presents with striking
originality a coherent and comprehensive interpretation of the Japanese
occupation of Java.
Review(s): Sato's intent is to set the record straight on the Japanese
occupation of Java--and by implication, of the Netherlands Indies--by
arguing a `holistic' theory that the people of Java were both passive
victims and active players. ... Graduate, faculty. -- CHOICE;
Using a wide range of sources (Japanese, Dutch, and Indonesian), the author
revisits wartime Java. ... Contributes considerable new detail on wartime
economic activities, especially concerning rice production and trade. --
CELLAR ARRIVALS;
A careful work on the impact of the Japanese occupation of Indonesia ... on
Javanese peasant society in the years 1942-45. ... A very valuable
contribution to the historiography of Indonesia during the Second World
War, primarily because of its successful combination of macro and micro
levels of research. -- THE JOURNAL OF MILITARY HISTORY
Selected Contents:
I: The Military Administration for Total Mobilization;
Japanese Expansion and Java;
Administration through the Indigenous Bureaucracy;
Call for Total Mobilization through the Nationalists;
Towards the Construction of "New Java";
II: The Peasantry of Java and the Military Administration;
Javanese Villages during the Early Occupation;
"Control" over Rice;
labor Mobilization and Work Conditions
Series: Japan in the Modern World
more literature:
B.R.O'G Anderson, Some aspects of Indonesian politics under the Japanese
occupation, 1944-1945 (Ithaca, 1961)
B.R.O'G Anderson, Java in a Time of Revolution. Occupation and Resistance,
1944-1946 (Ithaca, 1972)
B.R.O'G Anderson, 'Japan. The light of Asia', in: Josef Silverstein (ed.),
Southeast Asia in World War II: four essays (New Haven, 1966) 13-50
Benedict Anderson, 'Problem of Rice', in: Indonesia 2 (1966) 77-123
Lorriane V. Aragon, 'Japanese Time and the Mica Mine: Occupation
Experiences in the Central Sulawesi Highlands', in: JSEAS 27 (1996) 1, 49-63
M. A. Aziz, Japan's Colonialism and Indonesia (The Hague, 1955)
Henri Baudet, 'The Netherlands after the Loss of Empire', in: Journal of
Contemporary History (1969) 1, 127-140
Harry Benda, 'The Beginnings of the Japanese Occupation of Java', in: The
Far Eastern Quarterly 15 (1956) 4, 541-560
Harry J. Benda, The Crescent and the Rising Sun. Indonesian Islam under the
Japanese occupation, 1942-1945 (The Hague and Bandung 1958; repr. Dordrecht
and Cinnaminson 1983)
Harry Benda, 'The Japanese Interregnum' in: Grant K. Goodman (ed.),
Imperial Japan and Asia. A Reassessment (New York, 1967) 65-79
H.J. Benda, J.K. Irikura, Koichi Kishi (eds.), Japanese Military
Administration in Indonesia. Selected Documents (New Haven, 1965)
W.H. Elsbree, Japan's Role in Southeast Asian Nationalist Movements 1940 to
1945 (Cambridge Mass., 1953)
Theodore Friend, The Blue-Eyed Enemy. Japan against the West in Java and
Luzon, 1942-1945 (Princeton, 1988)
Sumio Fukami, 'Japanese Source Materials on the Japanese Military
Administration in Indonesia' in: J. van Goor (ed.), Indonesian Revolution.
Papers of the Conference held in Utrecht, 17-20 June 1986, 33-55
S.M. Gandasubrata, An Account of the Japanese Occupation of Banyumas
Residency, Java, March 1942 to August 1945 (Ithaca, 1953)
Kenichi Goto, 'The Life and Death of Abdul Rachman. One Aspect of
Japanese-Indonesian Relations', in: Indonesia 22 (1976) 57-68
Kenichi Goto, ''Bright Legacy' or 'Abortive Flower'. Indonesian Students in
Japan during World War 2', in: Goodman (ed.), Japanese Cultural Policies,
pp. 7-35
Kenichi Goto, 'Indonesia under the "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity
Sphere"', in: Donald Denoon, Mark Hudson, Gavan MacCormack and Tessa
Morris-Suzuki (eds.), Multicultural Japan. Palaeolithic-Post-Modern
(Cambridge, 1996) 160-173
Kenichi Goto, 'Modern Japan and Indonesia. The Dynamics and Legacy of
Wartime Rule', in: BKI 152 (1996) 4, 536-552
Kenichi Goto, 'Caught in the Middle: Japanese Attitudes toward Indonesian
Independence in 1945', in: Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 27 (1996) 1,
37-48
Kenichi Goto, 'The Semarang Incident in the Context of Japanese-Indonesian
Relations' in: Taufik Abdullah (ed.), The Heartbeat of the Indonesian
Revolution (Jakarta, 1997) 133-148
Bartholomew Landheer, The Netherlands East Indies comes of age (New York,
1946)
Mohammad Hatta, The Co-operative Movement in Indonesia (Ithaca, 1957)
Mohammad Hatta, The Putera Reports: Problems in Indonesian-Japanese Wartime
Cooperation Transl. by William H. Frederick (Ithaca 1971)
Frans Hüsken, 'Islam and collective action. Rural violence in north central
Java in 1942', in: Dick Kooiman (ed.), Conversion, competition and
conflict. Essays on the role of religion in Asia (1984) 123-154
Yoichi Itagaki, Kôichi Kishi, 'Japanese Islamic Policy in Sumatra and
Malaya', in: Intisari (Singapore) 2 (1966) 3, 11-23 Japanese military
administration in Indonesia (Washington, 1963); transl. of the Japanese ed.
(Tokyo 1959) Japanese military administration in Indonesia (Washington,
1963); transl. of the Japanese ed. (Tokyo 1959)
Yohanna Johns, 'The Japanese as Educators in Indonesia. A Personal View',
in: Newell (ed.), Japan in Asia, 25-31
G.S Kanahele, The Japanese Occupation of Indonesia. Prelude to Independence
(Ph.D. thesis; Cornell University, 1967)
Albert E. Kersten, 'International intervention in the decolonization of
Indonesia, 1945-1962', in: Charles-Robert Ageron, Marc Michel (éds.), L'ère
des décolonisations. Actes du colloque d'Aix-en-Provence (Paris : Éditions
Karthala, 1995) 269-280
Aiko Kurasawa, Mobilization and Control: A Study of Social Change in Rural
Java, 1942-1945 (unpublished Ph.D. thesis; Cornell, 1988) Indonesian
transl.: Mobilisasi dan kontrol. Studi tentang perubahan sosial di pedesaan
Jawa 1942-1945 (Jakarta, 1993)
Aiko Kurasawa, 'Japanese Occupation and Leadership Changes in Javanese
Villages', In: J. van Goor (ed.), Indonesian Revolution 57-78
Aiko Kurasawa, 'Forced Delivery of Paddy and Peasant Uprisings in
Indramayu, Indonesia. Japanese Occupation and Social Change', in: The
Developing Economies 21 (1983) 1, 52-72
Aiko Kurasawa, 'Propaganda Media on Java under the Japanese 1942-1945', in:
Indonesia 44 (1987) 59-116
Aiko Kurasawa, 'Japanese Film Propaganda in Java, 1942-1945', in: Southeast
Asia: History and Culture 18 (1989) 41-69
Aiko Kurasawa, 'Japanese Educational Policy in Java, 1942-1945', in:
Journal of the Japan-Netherlands Institute 2 (1990) 178-192
Aiko Kurasawa, 'Film as Propaganda Media on Java under the Japanese,
1942-45', in: Goodman (ed.), Japanese Cultural Policies 36-92
John D. Legge, Intellectuals and Nationalism in Indonesia. A Study of the
Following Recruited by Sutan Sjahrir in Occupation Jakarta (Ithaca, 1988)
Anton E. Lucas (ed.), Local Opposition and Underground Resistance to the
Japanese in Java, 1942-1945 (Clayton, 1986)
Anton Lucas, 'Images of the Indonesian Woman during the Japanese Occupation
1942-45' in: Jean Gelman Taylor (ed.), Women Creating Indonesia (Clayton,
1997) 52-90
Raden Gatot Mangkupradja, 'The Peta and My Relations with the Japanese. A
Correction of Sukarno's Autobiography', in: Indonesia 5 (1968) 105-134
Alfred W. McCoy (ed.), Southeast Asia under Japanese Occupation (New Haven,
1981)
Yoshitada Murayama, 'The Pattern of Japanese Economic Penetration of the
Prewar Netherlands East Indies', in: Saya Shiraishi and Takashi Shiraishi
(eds.), The Japanese in Colonial Southeast Asia (Ithaca, 1993) 89-111
Thomas R. Murray, 'Educational Remnants of Military Occupation. The
Japanese in Indonesia', in: Asian Survey 6 (1966) 630-642
Nicole Niessen, 'Indonesian Municipalities under Japanese Rules', in: Peter
J.M. Nas (ed.), Issues in Urban Development. Case Studies from Indonesia
(Leiden, 1995) 115-131
Christoffel Anthonie Olivier van Nieuwenhuijze, What the Japanese did to
Islam in Java (Djakartam, 1947)
Ian Nish (ed.), Indonesian Experience. The Role of Japan and Britain in
Indonesia, 1943-1945 (London, 1981)
Nugroho Notosusanto, The PETA-Army in Indonesia 1943-45 (Jakarta, 1971)
Nugroho Notosusanto, The Revolt Against Japanese of a PETA Batallion in
Blitar, February 14 1945 (Jakarta, 1974)
Nugroho Notosusanto The Japanese Occupation and Indonesian Independence
(Jakarta, 1975)
Nugroho Notosusanto The PETA Army during the Japanese Occupation of
Indonesia (Tokyo, 1979)
Nugroho Notosusanto, 'The Revolt of the PETA-Battalion in Blitar February
14, 1945', in: Asian Studies 7, 1 (April 1969) 111-123
Nugroho Notosusanto, 'The PETA Army in Indonesia 1943-1945' in: William H.
Newell (ed.), Japan in Asia 32-45
S. Oba, 'Recollections of Indonesia, 1944-1947' in: Ian Nish (ed.),
Indonesian Experience. The Role of Japan and Britain, 1945-1948 (London, 1979)
Bas Pompe, 'The Effects of the Japanese Administration on the Judiciary in
Indonesia', in: BKI 152 (1996) 4, 573-585
James Poppe, Political Development in the Netherlands East Indies during
and immediately after the Japanese Occupation (Ph.D. thesis; Washington, 1948)
G. Pratt, The Japanese Occupation of Indonesia. The Role of Putera in the
Development of Indonesian Nationalism (Ph.D. thesis; Melbourne, s.a.)
P. M. Prillwitz, 'The Estate Agriculture during the Japanese Occupation',
in: The Economic Review of Indonesia 1 (1947) 2, 13-17
F.A. Rachmat-Ishaya, Indonesian Women's Organizations during the Japanese
Occupation, 1942-1945 (working paper Moderne Aziatische Geschiedenis UvA;
Amsterdam, 1991)
Jayanta Kumar Ray, Transfer of power in Indonesia, 1942-1949 (Bombay, 1967)
Anthony Reid, Oki Akira (eds.), The Japanese Experience in Indonesia.
Selected Memoirs of 1942-1945 (Athens, Ohio, 1986)
Anthony Reid, 'The Japanese Occupation and Rival Indonesian Elites.
Northern Sumatra in 1942', in: JAS 35 (1975) 1, 49-61
Anthony Reid, 'Indonesia. From Briefcase to Samurai Sword', in: McCoy
(ed.), Southeast Asia under Japanese Occupation 13-26
Peter Romijn, 'Myth and Understanding. Recent Controversy about Dutch
Historiography on the Netherlands-Indonesian Conflict', in: Robert S.
Kirshner (ed.), The Low countries and Beyond (Lanham : University Press of
America, 1993) 219-232
Shigeru Sato, War, nationalism and Peasants. Java under the Japanese
Occupation, 1942-1945 (Sydney, 1994)
Shigeru Sato, 'The pangreh praja in Java under Japanese Military Rule', in:
BKI 152 (1996) 4, 586-608
Barbara Gifford Shimer, Guy Hobbs (eds.), The Kenpeitai in Java and
Sumatra. Selections from The Authentic History of the Kenpeitai [Nihon
Kenpei Seishi] (Ithaca, 1986)
Josef Silverstein (ed.), Southeast Asia in World War II. Four Essays (New
haven, 1966)
Mas Slamet, The Afterglow of the Japanese Sunset, I, II. A Surfeit of
Excellencies (Jakarta, 1946)
Mas Slamet, Japanese Machinations (4 vols.; Batavia, 1946)
L. Sluimers, 'The Rice Situation in Java and Madura during the Japanese
Era, 1942-1945', in: Bernd Martin and Alan S. Milward (eds.), Agriculture
and Food Supply in the Second World War (Ostfildern, 1985) 283-296
László Sluimers, 'The Japanese Military and Indonesian Independence', in:
JSEAS 27 (1996) 1, 19-36
John O. Sutter, Indonesianisasi. Politics in a Changing Economy, 1940-55
(Ithaca, 1959)
Takao Fusayama A Japanese Memoir of Sumatra 1945-1946. Love and Hatred in
the Liberation War (Ithaca, 1993)
Elly Touwen-Bouwsma, 'Indonesian Nationalists and the Japanese "Liberation"
of Indonesia. Visions and Reactions', in: JSEAS 27 (1996) 1, 1-18
Elly Touwen-Bouwsma, 'Japanese Minority Policy. The Eurasians on Java and
the Dilemma of Ethnic Loyalty', in: BKI 152 (1996) 4, 553-572
K. de Weerd (ed.), The Japanese Occupation of the Netherlands East Indies
(Tokyo, 1946)
Yoichi Itagaki, Koichi Kishi, 'Japanese Islamic Policy. Sumatra & Malaya',
in: Intisari. The Research Quarterly of Wider malaysia 2, 3, 11-23
Niederländisch-Indien
Dieter Brötel, 'Der Dekolonisationsprozeß Indonesiens. Endoge-ne und
exogene Faktoren', In: Wolfgang J. Mommsen (Hrsg.-), Das Ende der
Kolonialreiche. Dekoloni-sa-tion und die Poli-tik der Großmächte (Frankfurt
am Main : Fi-scher, 1990) 67-89
Anton Freitag, Glaubenssaat in Blut und Tränen. Die Missionen der
Gesellschaft des Göttlichen Wortes in Asien, Afrika, Ozeanien und Amerika
am Vorabend des Zweiten Weltkrieges. Ihre Leiden und Schiksale in und nach
dem Krieg. Dem neuen Missi-onsfrühli-ng entgegen (Kaldenkirchen : Steyler,
1948)
Sr. Sixta Kasbauer, Die aus grosser Drangsal kommen. Ein Buch von
Menschenwegen und Gotteswalten aus den Kriegsjahren der Steyler
Neuguinea-Mission (Steyl : Missionsdruc-kerei, 1951)
Erich Kern, Weisser Mann - toter Mann? Ostasien im Umbruch. Ein
Augenzeugenbericht (München : Welsermühl, 1959)
Fred Poeppig, Javanisches Abenteuer. Das erwachen Asiens. Erlebtes und
Erlittenes in Niederländisch-Ost-Indien während der japanischen
Besetzungszeit (Basel : Zbinden, 1951)
L.E.L. Sluimers, Samurai, Pemuda und Sakdalista. Die Japaner und der
Radikalismus in Indonesien und den Philippinen (Am-sterdam : Universiteit
van Amsterdam, 1972)
Mark Tennien, Erinnerungen eines japanischen Kommandanten der Kaiserlichen
Marine Japans (S.l. : s.n., s.a.)
Les Indes neérlandaises
Klaas Kooy, Survivant de la rivière Kwai. Java - Sumatra - Singapour -
Rivière Kwai. 1942-1945 (Paris, 1992)
Klaas Kooy, Dans l'enfer des camps Japonais (S.l. : s.n., 1970)
A.G. Vromans, 'Les Indes neérlandaises, 1939-1945', in: Revue d'Histoire de
la Deuxième Guerre Mondiale nr. 50 (1963) 27-37
Japanese publications
Ueno Fukuo Desa Cimahi: Analysis of a Village on Java during the Japanese
Occupation (1943); W.J. Hendrix and S.C.N. de Jong, (eds.) (Rotterdam,
1988) CASP 11
Resistance; Guerrilla
D.C Horton, Ring of file. Australian guerrilla opearations against the
Japanese in World War II (London, 1983)
Memoirs
Ken Attiwill, The rising sunset (London, 1957)
Helen Colijn, Song of survival women interned (Oregon, 1995)
Nell van de Graaff, We survived. A Mothers Story of Japanese Captivity
(St. Lucia, 1989)
To Harrison, World Within. A Borneo Story (London, 1959)
Gideon Francois Jacobs, Prelude to the Monsoon. Assignment in Sumatra
(Philadelphia, 1982)
Don Peacock, The Emperor's Guest. The Diary of a British Prisoner-of-War of
the Japanese in Indonesia (Cambridge, 1989)
Ketoet Tantri, Revolt in Paradise (London, 1960)
Laurens van der Post, The Night of the New Moon (Tokyo, 1972)
Dieuwke Wendelaar Bonga, Eight Prison Camps. A Dutch Family in Japanese
Java (Athens, 1996)
Readings from before I became interested in Korea.
A Malaysian friend of mine told me that he hated the Japanese and
Koreans alike for what they did during WWII. I was quite srprised.
When I asked him why he told me that while many of the prison camps were
run by Japanese, many of the guards were Korean. He added that,
although the Japanese were cruel, they were predictable in thier
violence, whereeas the Korean guards were both cruel and unpredictable
thus generating a lot of fear.
I also have, somewhere, a report (must dif it up) that shows some 240 or
so Koreans were indicted for war crimes, some of whom were executed.
While collaborators in the South seem to have gotten away with it, I
wonder what happened to those in the North....
Rupert Atkinson
=========================
Henny Savinije wrote:
At least get my name right ;-)
-----------------------------
Henny (Lee Hae Kang)
Feel free to visit
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