[KS] Re: Japanese Colonization Period

Henny Savenije adam&eve at henny-savenije.demon.nl
Tue Sep 5 08:18:54 EDT 2000


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Both in Indonesia, but less in Malaysia the Japanese were welcomed as 
liberators, the Dutch and British defeated and interned in concentration 
camps. Later the Japanese started to use the local population as a labor 
force and the promise to liberate them was quickly and conveniently forgotten:

 From http://www.ggr.ulaval.ca/ATLAS_J/HistE.html#F

Until World War II, though, it had been impossible to fight efficiently 
against Dutch colonialism. But following the Japanese victory in the
Battle of the Java Sea (February 1942), Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta, who 
were among the leaders of the nationalist movements,
quickly realized how to get advantage of the contradictory Japanese 
Occupation policies. Taking advantage of the Japanese own
maneuvers to gain their support, they worked towards Independence. On the 
17th of August 1945, a few days after the capitulation of
Japan, Independence was officially declared by Sukarno. The Pancasila 
became the fundamental creed of the new Republic, while a
Constitution was adopted on the 18th of August 1945

And from http://www.indonesianet.com/hilight/hiancien.htm


THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION

After their attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, the Japanese forces moved 
southwards to conquer several Southeast Asian countries. After Singapore 
had fallen, they invaded the Dutch East Indies and the colonial army 
surrendered in March 1942.

Soekarno and Hatta were released from their detention. The Japanese began 
the propaganda campaign for what they called " Great East Asia Coprosperity 
". But Indonesian soon realized that it was a camouflage for Japanese 
imperialism in place of Dutch colonialism.

To further the cause of Indonesia's independence, Soekarno and Hatta 
appeared to cooperate with the Japanese authorities. In reality, however, 
Indonesian nationalist leaders went underground and masterminded 
insurrections in Blitar ( East Java ), Tasikmalaya and Indramayu ( West 
Java ), and in Sumatra and Kalimantan.

Under the pressure of the 4th Pacific war, where their supply lines were 
interrupted, and the increasing of Indonesian insurrections, the Japanese 
ultimately gave into allow the red-and-white flag to fly as the Indonesian 
national flag. Recognition of " "Indonesia Raya" as the national anthem and 
Bahasa Indonesia as the national language followed. Hence, the youth's 
pledge of 1928 was fulfilled.

After persistent demands, the Japanese finally agreed to place the civil 
administration of the county into Indonesian hands. This was a golden 
opportunity for nationalist leaders to pepper for the proclamation of 
Indonesia's independence.

 From 
http://www.britannica.com/bcom/eb/article/1/0,5716,109271+2+106301,00.html



  Japanese occupation

  Japanese military authorities in Java, having interned Dutch 
administrative personnel,  found it necessary to use Indonesians in many 
administrative positions, thus giving  them opportunities that had been 
denied them under the Dutch. In order to secure  popular acceptance of 
their rule, the Japanese sought also to enlist the support of  both 
nationalist and Islamic leaders. Under this policy Sukarno and Hatta both
  accepted positions in the military administration.

  Though initially welcomed as liberators, the Japanese gradually 
established  themselves as harsh overlords. Their policies fluctuated 
according to the exigencies of  the war, but, in general, their primary 
object was to make the Indies serve Japanese  war needs. Nationalist 
leaders, however, felt able to trade support for political  concessions. 
Sukarno was able to convince the administration that Indonesian support
  could only be mobilized through an organization that would represent 
genuine  Indonesian aspirations. In March 1943 such an organization, Putera 
(Pusat Tenaga  Rakjat; "Centre of the People's Power") was inaugurated 
under his chairmanship.  While the new organization enabled Sukarno to 
establish himself more clearly as the  leader of the nation and while it 
enabled him to develop more effective lines of  communication to the 
people, it also placed upon him the responsibility of trying to   sustain 
Indonesian support for Japan through, among other things, the 
romusha  (forced-labour) program. Later in the year Indonesian opinion was 
given a further  forum in a Central Advisory Council and a series of local 
councils. At a different level,  Indonesian youths were able to acquire a 
sense of corporate identity through  membership in the several youth 
organizations established by the Japanese. Of great  importance, also, was 
the creation in October 1943 of a volunteer defense force  composed of and 
officered by Indonesians trained by the Japanese. The Sukarela  Tentara 
Pembela Tanah Air (Peta) was to become the core of the republic's 
army  during the revolution.

  In March 1944 the Japanese, feeling that Putera had served Indonesian 
rather than  Japanese interests, replaced it with a "people's loyalty 
organization" (Djawa Hokokai),  which was kept under much closer control. 
Six months later the Japanese premier  announced the Japanese intention to 
prepare the Indies for self-government. In  August 1945, on the eve of the 
Japanese surrender, Sukarno and Hatta were  summoned to Saigon, Vietnam, 
where Terauchi Hisaichi, commander of Southeast Asia,  promised an 
immediate transfer of independence.

  On their return to Djakarta (Jakarta; formerly Batavia), Sukarno and 
Hatta were under  pressure to declare independence unilaterally. This 
pressure reached its climax in the  kidnapping of the two men, for a day, 
by some of Djakarta's youth leaders. After the  news of the Japanese 
surrender had been confirmed, Sukarno proclaimed  independence on the 
morning of Aug. 17, 1945.

 From http://www.mesharpe.com/63245442.htm

Title -- War, Nationalism and Peasants: Java Under the Japanese Occupation, 
1942-1945

Author(s): Shigeru Sato

Description: This book is an important account of growing international 
interest: wartime Asia, notably Japanese colonialism and the 
colonial-native interaction. Focusing on Java, Sato explores the enormous 
human drama which cannot be explained simply in terms of nationalism and 
fascism. He addresses the totality of Indonesian society: from high 
politics to the daily lives of landless peasants; from the details of local 
administration in Java to the intellectual climate in Japan influencing the 
Japanese rulers.

Synthesizing a wide range of source materials both official and 
non-official, written and oral, this book presents with striking 
originality a coherent and comprehensive interpretation of the Japanese 
occupation of Java.

Review(s): Sato's intent is to set the record straight on the Japanese 
occupation of Java--and by implication, of the Netherlands Indies--by 
arguing a `holistic' theory that the people of Java were both passive 
victims and active players. ... Graduate, faculty. -- CHOICE;
Using a wide range of sources (Japanese, Dutch, and Indonesian), the author 
revisits wartime Java. ... Contributes considerable new detail on wartime 
economic activities, especially concerning rice production and trade. -- 
CELLAR ARRIVALS;
A careful work on the impact of the Japanese occupation of Indonesia ... on 
Javanese peasant society in the years 1942-45. ... A very valuable 
contribution to the historiography of Indonesia during the Second World 
War, primarily because of its successful combination of macro and micro 
levels of research. -- THE JOURNAL OF MILITARY HISTORY

Selected Contents:
I: The Military Administration for Total Mobilization;
Japanese Expansion and Java;
Administration through the Indigenous Bureaucracy;
Call for Total Mobilization through the Nationalists;
Towards the Construction of "New Java";
II: The Peasantry of Java and the Military Administration;
Javanese Villages during the Early Occupation;
"Control" over Rice;
labor Mobilization and Work Conditions

Series: Japan in the Modern World

more literature:


B.R.O'G Anderson, Some aspects of Indonesian politics under the Japanese 
occupation, 1944-1945 (Ithaca, 1961)

B.R.O'G Anderson, Java in a Time of Revolution. Occupation and Resistance, 
1944-1946 (Ithaca, 1972)

B.R.O'G Anderson, 'Japan. The light of Asia', in: Josef Silverstein (ed.), 
Southeast Asia in World War II: four essays (New Haven, 1966) 13-50

Benedict Anderson, 'Problem of Rice', in: Indonesia 2 (1966) 77-123

Lorriane V. Aragon, 'Japanese Time and the Mica Mine: Occupation 
Experiences in the Central Sulawesi Highlands', in: JSEAS 27 (1996) 1, 49-63

M. A. Aziz, Japan's Colonialism and Indonesia (The Hague, 1955)

Henri Baudet, 'The Netherlands after the Loss of Empire', in: Journal of 
Contemporary History (1969) 1, 127-140

Harry Benda, 'The Beginnings of the Japanese Occupation of Java', in: The 
Far Eastern Quarterly 15 (1956) 4, 541-560

Harry J. Benda, The Crescent and the Rising Sun. Indonesian Islam under the 
Japanese occupation, 1942-1945 (The Hague and Bandung 1958; repr. Dordrecht 
and Cinnaminson 1983)

Harry Benda, 'The Japanese Interregnum' in: Grant K. Goodman (ed.), 
Imperial Japan and Asia. A Reassessment (New York, 1967) 65-79

H.J. Benda, J.K. Irikura, Koichi Kishi (eds.), Japanese Military 
Administration in Indonesia. Selected Documents (New Haven, 1965)

W.H. Elsbree, Japan's Role in Southeast Asian Nationalist Movements 1940 to 
1945 (Cambridge Mass., 1953)

Theodore Friend, The Blue-Eyed Enemy. Japan against the West in Java and 
Luzon, 1942-1945 (Princeton, 1988)

Sumio Fukami, 'Japanese Source Materials on the Japanese Military 
Administration in Indonesia' in: J. van Goor (ed.), Indonesian Revolution. 
Papers of the Conference held in Utrecht, 17-20 June 1986, 33-55

S.M. Gandasubrata, An Account of the Japanese Occupation of Banyumas 
Residency, Java, March 1942 to August 1945 (Ithaca, 1953)

Kenichi Goto, 'The Life and Death of Abdul Rachman. One Aspect of 
Japanese-Indonesian Relations', in: Indonesia 22 (1976) 57-68

Kenichi Goto, ''Bright Legacy' or 'Abortive Flower'. Indonesian Students in 
Japan during World War 2', in: Goodman (ed.), Japanese Cultural Policies, 
pp. 7-35

Kenichi Goto, 'Indonesia under the "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity 
Sphere"', in: Donald Denoon, Mark Hudson, Gavan MacCormack and Tessa 
Morris-Suzuki (eds.), Multicultural Japan. Palaeolithic-Post-Modern 
(Cambridge, 1996) 160-173

Kenichi Goto, 'Modern Japan and Indonesia. The Dynamics and Legacy of 
Wartime Rule', in: BKI 152 (1996) 4, 536-552

Kenichi Goto, 'Caught in the Middle: Japanese Attitudes toward Indonesian 
Independence in 1945', in: Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 27 (1996) 1, 
37-48

Kenichi Goto, 'The Semarang Incident in the Context of Japanese-Indonesian 
Relations' in: Taufik Abdullah (ed.), The Heartbeat of the Indonesian 
Revolution (Jakarta, 1997) 133-148

Bartholomew Landheer, The Netherlands East Indies comes of age (New York, 
1946)

Mohammad Hatta, The Co-operative Movement in Indonesia (Ithaca, 1957)

Mohammad Hatta, The Putera Reports: Problems in Indonesian-Japanese Wartime 
Cooperation Transl. by William H. Frederick (Ithaca 1971)

Frans Hüsken, 'Islam and collective action. Rural violence in north central 
Java in 1942', in: Dick Kooiman (ed.), Conversion, competition and 
conflict. Essays on the role of religion in Asia (1984) 123-154

Yoichi Itagaki, Kôichi Kishi, 'Japanese Islamic Policy in Sumatra and 
Malaya', in: Intisari (Singapore) 2 (1966) 3, 11-23 Japanese military 
administration in Indonesia (Washington, 1963); transl. of the Japanese ed. 
(Tokyo 1959)  Japanese military administration in Indonesia (Washington, 
1963); transl. of the Japanese ed. (Tokyo 1959)

Yohanna Johns, 'The Japanese as Educators in Indonesia. A Personal View', 
in: Newell (ed.), Japan in Asia, 25-31

G.S Kanahele, The Japanese Occupation of Indonesia. Prelude to Independence 
(Ph.D. thesis; Cornell University, 1967)

Albert E. Kersten, 'International intervention in the decolonization of 
Indonesia, 1945-1962', in: Charles-Robert Ageron, Marc Michel (éds.), L'ère 
des décolonisations. Actes du colloque d'Aix-en-Provence (Paris : Éditions 
Karthala, 1995) 269-280

Aiko Kurasawa, Mobilization and Control: A Study of Social Change in Rural 
Java, 1942-1945 (unpublished Ph.D. thesis; Cornell, 1988) Indonesian 
transl.: Mobilisasi dan kontrol. Studi tentang perubahan sosial di pedesaan 
Jawa 1942-1945 (Jakarta, 1993)

Aiko Kurasawa, 'Japanese Occupation and Leadership Changes in Javanese 
Villages', In: J. van Goor (ed.), Indonesian Revolution 57-78

Aiko Kurasawa, 'Forced Delivery of Paddy and Peasant Uprisings in 
Indramayu, Indonesia. Japanese Occupation and Social Change', in: The 
Developing Economies 21 (1983) 1, 52-72

Aiko Kurasawa, 'Propaganda Media on Java under the Japanese 1942-1945', in: 
Indonesia 44 (1987) 59-116

Aiko Kurasawa, 'Japanese Film Propaganda in Java, 1942-1945', in: Southeast 
Asia: History and Culture 18 (1989) 41-69

Aiko Kurasawa, 'Japanese Educational Policy in Java, 1942-1945', in: 
Journal of the Japan-Netherlands Institute 2 (1990) 178-192

Aiko Kurasawa, 'Film as Propaganda Media on Java under the Japanese, 
1942-45', in: Goodman (ed.), Japanese Cultural Policies 36-92

John D. Legge, Intellectuals and Nationalism in Indonesia. A Study of the 
Following Recruited by Sutan Sjahrir in Occupation Jakarta (Ithaca, 1988)

Anton E. Lucas (ed.), Local Opposition and Underground Resistance to the 
Japanese in Java, 1942-1945 (Clayton, 1986)

Anton Lucas, 'Images of the Indonesian Woman during the Japanese Occupation 
1942-45' in: Jean Gelman Taylor (ed.), Women Creating Indonesia (Clayton, 
1997) 52-90

Raden Gatot Mangkupradja, 'The Peta and My Relations with the Japanese. A 
Correction of Sukarno's Autobiography', in: Indonesia 5 (1968) 105-134

Alfred W. McCoy (ed.), Southeast Asia under Japanese Occupation (New Haven, 
1981)

Yoshitada Murayama, 'The Pattern of Japanese Economic Penetration of the 
Prewar Netherlands East Indies', in: Saya Shiraishi and Takashi Shiraishi 
(eds.), The Japanese in Colonial Southeast Asia (Ithaca, 1993) 89-111

Thomas R. Murray, 'Educational Remnants of Military Occupation. The 
Japanese in Indonesia', in: Asian Survey 6 (1966) 630-642

Nicole Niessen, 'Indonesian Municipalities under Japanese Rules', in: Peter 
J.M. Nas (ed.), Issues in Urban Development. Case Studies from Indonesia 
(Leiden, 1995) 115-131

Christoffel Anthonie Olivier van Nieuwenhuijze, What the Japanese did to 
Islam in Java (Djakartam, 1947)

Ian Nish (ed.), Indonesian Experience. The Role of Japan and Britain in 
Indonesia, 1943-1945 (London, 1981)

Nugroho Notosusanto, The PETA-Army in Indonesia 1943-45 (Jakarta, 1971)

Nugroho Notosusanto, The Revolt Against Japanese of a PETA Batallion in 
Blitar, February 14 1945 (Jakarta, 1974)

Nugroho Notosusanto The Japanese Occupation and Indonesian Independence 
(Jakarta, 1975)

Nugroho Notosusanto The PETA Army during the Japanese Occupation of 
Indonesia (Tokyo, 1979)

Nugroho Notosusanto, 'The Revolt of the PETA-Battalion in Blitar February 
14, 1945', in: Asian Studies 7, 1 (April 1969) 111-123

Nugroho Notosusanto, 'The PETA Army in Indonesia 1943-1945' in: William H. 
Newell (ed.), Japan in Asia 32-45

S. Oba, 'Recollections of Indonesia, 1944-1947' in: Ian Nish (ed.), 
Indonesian Experience. The Role of Japan and Britain, 1945-1948 (London, 1979)

Bas Pompe, 'The Effects of the Japanese Administration on the Judiciary in 
Indonesia', in: BKI 152 (1996) 4, 573-585

James Poppe, Political Development in the Netherlands East Indies during 
and immediately after the Japanese Occupation (Ph.D. thesis; Washington, 1948)

G. Pratt, The Japanese Occupation of Indonesia. The Role of Putera in the 
Development of Indonesian Nationalism (Ph.D. thesis; Melbourne, s.a.)

P. M. Prillwitz, 'The Estate Agriculture during the Japanese Occupation', 
in: The Economic Review of Indonesia 1 (1947) 2, 13-17

F.A. Rachmat-Ishaya, Indonesian Women's Organizations during the Japanese 
Occupation, 1942-1945 (working paper Moderne Aziatische Geschiedenis UvA; 
Amsterdam, 1991)

Jayanta Kumar Ray, Transfer of power in Indonesia, 1942-1949 (Bombay, 1967)

Anthony Reid, Oki Akira (eds.), The Japanese Experience in Indonesia. 
Selected Memoirs of 1942-1945 (Athens, Ohio, 1986)

Anthony Reid, 'The Japanese Occupation and Rival Indonesian Elites. 
Northern Sumatra in 1942', in: JAS 35 (1975) 1, 49-61

Anthony Reid, 'Indonesia. From Briefcase to Samurai Sword', in: McCoy 
(ed.), Southeast Asia under Japanese Occupation 13-26

Peter Romijn, 'Myth and Understanding. Recent Controversy about Dutch 
Historiography on the Netherlands-Indonesian Conflict', in: Robert S. 
Kirshner (ed.), The Low countries and Beyond (Lanham : University Press of 
America, 1993) 219-232

Shigeru Sato, War, nationalism and Peasants. Java under the Japanese 
Occupation, 1942-1945 (Sydney, 1994)

Shigeru Sato, 'The pangreh praja in Java under Japanese Military Rule', in: 
BKI 152 (1996) 4, 586-608

Barbara Gifford Shimer, Guy Hobbs (eds.), The Kenpeitai in Java and 
Sumatra. Selections from The Authentic History of the Kenpeitai [Nihon 
Kenpei Seishi] (Ithaca, 1986)

Josef Silverstein (ed.), Southeast Asia in World War II. Four Essays (New 
haven, 1966)

Mas Slamet, The Afterglow of the Japanese Sunset, I, II. A Surfeit of 
Excellencies (Jakarta, 1946)

Mas Slamet, Japanese Machinations (4 vols.; Batavia, 1946)

L. Sluimers, 'The Rice Situation in Java and Madura during the Japanese 
Era, 1942-1945', in: Bernd Martin and Alan S. Milward (eds.), Agriculture 
and Food Supply in the Second World War (Ostfildern, 1985) 283-296

László Sluimers, 'The Japanese Military and Indonesian Independence', in: 
JSEAS 27 (1996) 1, 19-36

John O. Sutter, Indonesianisasi. Politics in a Changing Economy, 1940-55 
(Ithaca, 1959)

Takao Fusayama A Japanese Memoir of Sumatra 1945-1946. Love and Hatred in 
the Liberation War (Ithaca, 1993)

Elly Touwen-Bouwsma, 'Indonesian Nationalists and the Japanese "Liberation" 
of Indonesia. Visions and Reactions', in: JSEAS 27 (1996) 1, 1-18

Elly Touwen-Bouwsma, 'Japanese Minority Policy. The Eurasians on Java and 
the Dilemma of Ethnic Loyalty', in: BKI 152 (1996) 4, 553-572

K. de Weerd (ed.), The Japanese Occupation of the Netherlands East Indies 
(Tokyo, 1946)

Yoichi Itagaki, Koichi Kishi, 'Japanese Islamic Policy. Sumatra & Malaya', 
in: Intisari. The Research Quarterly of Wider malaysia 2, 3, 11-23

Niederländisch-Indien

Dieter Brötel, 'Der Dekolonisationsprozeß Indonesiens. Endoge-ne und 
exogene Faktoren', In: Wolfgang J. Mommsen (Hrsg.-), Das Ende der 
Kolonialreiche. Dekoloni-sa-tion und die Poli-tik der Großmächte (Frankfurt 
am Main : Fi-scher, 1990) 67-89

Anton Freitag, Glaubenssaat in Blut und Tränen. Die Missionen der 
Gesellschaft des Göttlichen Wortes in Asien, Afrika, Ozeanien und Amerika 
am Vorabend des Zweiten Weltkrieges. Ihre Leiden und Schiksale in und nach 
dem Krieg. Dem neuen Missi-onsfrühli-ng entgegen (Kaldenkirchen : Steyler, 
1948)

Sr. Sixta Kasbauer, Die aus grosser Drangsal kommen. Ein Buch von 
Menschenwegen und Gotteswalten aus den Kriegsjahren der Steyler 
Neuguinea-Mission (Steyl : Missionsdruc-kerei, 1951)

Erich Kern, Weisser Mann - toter Mann? Ostasien im Umbruch. Ein 
Augenzeugenbericht (München : Welsermühl, 1959)

Fred Poeppig, Javanisches Abenteuer. Das erwachen Asiens. Erlebtes und 
Erlittenes in Niederländisch-Ost-Indien während der japanischen 
Besetzungszeit (Basel : Zbinden, 1951)

L.E.L. Sluimers, Samurai, Pemuda und Sakdalista. Die Japaner und der 
Radikalismus in Indonesien und den Philippinen (Am-sterdam : Universiteit 
van Amsterdam, 1972)

Mark Tennien, Erinnerungen eines japanischen Kommandanten der Kaiserlichen 
Marine Japans (S.l. : s.n., s.a.)

Les Indes neérlandaises

Klaas Kooy, Survivant de la rivière Kwai. Java - Sumatra - Singapour - 
Rivière Kwai. 1942-1945 (Paris, 1992)

Klaas Kooy, Dans l'enfer des camps Japonais (S.l. : s.n., 1970)

A.G. Vromans, 'Les Indes neérlandaises, 1939-1945', in: Revue d'Histoire de 
la Deuxième Guerre Mondiale nr. 50 (1963) 27-37

Japanese publications

Ueno Fukuo Desa Cimahi: Analysis of a Village on Java during the Japanese 
Occupation (1943); W.J. Hendrix and S.C.N. de Jong, (eds.) (Rotterdam, 
1988) CASP 11

Resistance; Guerrilla

D.C Horton, Ring of file. Australian guerrilla opearations against the 
Japanese in World War II (London, 1983)

Memoirs

Ken Attiwill, The rising sunset (London, 1957)

Helen Colijn, Song of survival women interned (Oregon, 1995)

Nell van de Graaff, We survived. A Mother’s Story of Japanese Captivity 
(St. Lucia, 1989)

To Harrison, World Within. A Borneo Story (London, 1959)

Gideon Francois Jacobs, Prelude to the Monsoon. Assignment in Sumatra 
(Philadelphia, 1982)

Don Peacock, The Emperor's Guest. The Diary of a British Prisoner-of-War of 
the Japanese in Indonesia (Cambridge, 1989)

Ketoet Tantri, Revolt in Paradise (London, 1960)

Laurens van der Post, The Night of the New Moon (Tokyo, 1972)

Dieuwke Wendelaar Bonga, Eight Prison Camps. A Dutch Family in Japanese 
Java (Athens, 1996)


Readings from before I became interested in Korea.


A Malaysian friend of mine told me that he hated the Japanese and
Koreans alike for what they did during WWII.  I was quite srprised.
When I asked him why he told me that while many of the prison camps were
run by Japanese, many of the guards were Korean.  He added that,
although the Japanese were cruel, they were predictable in thier
violence, whereeas the Korean guards were both cruel and unpredictable
thus generating a lot of fear.

I also have, somewhere, a report (must dif it up) that shows some 240 or
so Koreans were indicted for war crimes, some of whom were executed.
While collaborators in the South seem to have gotten away with it, I
wonder what happened to those in the North....

Rupert Atkinson

=========================
Henny Savinije wrote:


At least get my name right ;-)
-----------------------------
Henny  (Lee Hae Kang)

Feel free to visit
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In Korean
http://www.henny-savenije.demon.nl/indexk2.htm






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