[KS] Koreanstudies Digest, Vol 140, Issue 5

Sun Feb 8 14:27:35 EST 2015

Dear Members,My question about the source of the claim that women were given lenience in the Choson justice system elicited many helpful responses, both publicly and in emails sent directly to me, with a wealth of sources that I look forward to examining. Opinions as to whether or not the statement is true (not my primary question, but also of interest to me), seem to fall on both sides in these communications. I should have clarified my comment about Wrongful Deaths, which was intended to mean that I didn't find a discussion of a general policy toward women as a category in relation to crimes that might result from their subservient relationship to male relatives, not that the book did not address women as victims and criminals. However, the authors do mention that the Choson legal system, unlike the imperial Chinese system, "recognized everyone as an independent legal subject, regardless of gender and status" (p.21 and fn. 48), a statement which, alongside the specific criminal categories and cases treated in the book, indeed reveals aspects that trouble or complicate such a claim of lenience.
Thanks to all for your input.Deberniere Torrey 

     On Friday, February 6, 2015 10:00 AM, "koreanstudies-request at koreanstudies.com" <koreanstudies-request at koreanstudies.com> wrote:

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Today's Topics:

  1. Re: punishment of women in Choson (McCann, David)
  2. Re: punishment of women in Choson (Clark W Sorensen)
  3. Re: punishment of women in Choson (Sun Joo Kim)
  4. Re: punishment of women in Choson (Sung Deuk Oak)
  5. Re: punishment of women in Choson (Jisoo Kim)
  6. Re: Koreanstudies Digest, Vol 140, Issue 4 (DeberniereTorrey)
  7. Re: punishment of women in Choson (Jim)
  8. Re: punishment of women in Choson (Henny Savenije)
  9. The 2015 World Congress for Korean Politics and Society
      (World Congress Korea)
 There are the legal practices and protocols, but also relevant it seems to me is the situation of Ch'unhyang, flogged and sentenced to death for refusing the advances of the outsider magistrate.  We all may recall how at each stroke of the cudgel she recited a passage from the rules and regulations, starting with One, for one heart, loyal…  using the same four Chinese characters that Chông Mongju put into the final line of the sijo he is said to have replied with when the Yi crowd tried to win him over with a rambling sijo.  I say "said to" as there's no historical record of the banquet, but  a very different account of Chông's death in the Koryôsa, which as we know was compiled under that Yi crowd's dominion and direction.
David McCann

On Feb 5, 2015, at 8:41 AM, Victoria Ten <yoneun at gmail.com> wrote:

This might help you, though it’s not directly your subject: Kim, Nayeon. 2012. “Indoctrinating Female Virture: the Social use of Chosŏn Woodblock Prints” (paper presented at Eighth Worldwide Consortium of Korean Studies Centers Workshop, July 4-7, 2012, Seoul, South Korea). Or at least the bibliography at the end can help.
Samgang Haengsildo (三綱行實圖, Illustrated Exemplars of the Three Bonds) was commissioned in 1428 by King Sejong (1418-1450) for the purpose of ‘people education’ and woodblock-printed in 1434 (Kim, Nayeon 2012: 225, 228, 232). The Three Bonds describe the three social structures, the three ethical obligations of loyalty and servitude. The subject must serve the king, the son or daughter must serve the parent, and the wife must serve the husband. Thus formulated moral and social obligations show that women were traditionally included among the subjects of virtue in East-Asia. But this is theory, and practice might be different. Interesting question in this respect is whether children were considered less responsible for crimes than their parents, as according to Three Bonds sons and daughters are subjected to parents just as wives are subjected to husbands. 
Victoria Ten
Leiden University

On Thu, Feb 5, 2015 at 9:52 AM, Jim Hoare <jim at jhoare10.fsnet.co.uk> wrote:

From: Koreanstudies [mailto:koreanstudies-bounces at koreanstudies.com]On Behalf Of DeberniereTorrey
Sent: 04 February 2015 23:35
To: koreanstudies at koreanstudies.com
Subject: [KS] punishment of women in Choson 
Dear Members:I'm trying to track down an authoritative reference for a claim that I've come across in several scholarly sources (both English and Korean), none of which gives a citation for this information:that the Choson state was more lenient toward women as criminals, since they were considered subject to and therefore less responsible than men. The statement fits my understanding of Choson values and legislation, but I have yet to find a specific reference. Deuchler'sConfucian Transformation briefly mentions cases of leniency towardyangban women, but goes no further. I've read that the Ming code was somewhat lenient toward female criminals, placing them in the custody of family members rather than in jail, and I understand the Choson criminal code was based on the Ming code. I've also checked Women and Confucianism in Choson by Pettid and Kim, as well as the recentWrongful Deaths by Sunjoo Kim, but haven't found specific reference to the above topic in these sources. Any help would be appreciated. Thank you,Deberniere Torrey 

Deberniere,

The University of Washington Press has issued a translation of the Ming Code (translated by Hang Yonglin) that might speed up your research.

Clark Sorensen

On Wed, 4 Feb 2015, DeberniereTorrey wrote:

> Dear Members:
> I'm trying to track down an authoritative reference for a claim that I've come across in several scholarly sources (both English and
> Korean), none of which gives a citation for this information: that the Choson state was more lenient toward women as criminals, since
> they were considered subject to and therefore less responsible than men. The statement fits my understanding of Choson values and
> legislation, but I have yet to find a specific reference. Deuchler's Confucian Transformation briefly mentions cases of leniency toward
> yangban women, but goes no further. I've read that the Ming code was somewhat lenient toward female criminals, placing them in the
> custody of family members rather than in jail, and I understand the Choson criminal code was based on the Ming code. I've also checked
> Women and Confucianism in Choson by Pettid and Kim, as well as the recent Wrongful Deaths by Sunjoo Kim, but haven't found specific
> reference to the above topic in these sources. Any help would be appreciated. 
> Thank you,
> Deberniere Torrey
> 
> 
>
<!--#yiv7971873332 .yiv7971873332hmmessage P{margin:0px;padding:0px;}#yiv7971873332 body.yiv7971873332hmmessage{font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri;}-->
Dear DeberniereTorrey,
First of all, let me note that the book, Wrongful Deaths, is a coauthored book by Sun Joo Kim and Jungwon Kim.
Second, I disagree with the statement: "the Choson state was more lenient toward women as criminals, since they wereconsidered subject to and therefore less responsible than men."
The above-mentioned book discusses the topic--how women were differently treated depending on their social status and the kinds of crimes women committed . For example, if you see pages 16-17, authors explain that there were different procedures applying to examine women's dead body, quoting the Coroner's Guide for the Elimination of Grievances (MuwOllok) and other sources. In pages 23-24, authors point out, "the level of punishment differed in accordance with the offender's status: capital punishment was encoded for an adulteress of yangban status from the early sixteenth century onward, while an adulterous commoner woman in the late ChosOn was often enslaved..." again quoting various sources. You can see in this statement that women sometimes received harsher treatment.  If you continue to read this chapter and others involving female victims and criminals, you will find other relevant discussions addressing your question. If you don't have time to read the entire book carefully, index might be a good start.
Yours,
Sun Joo Kim

Date: Thu, 5 Feb 2015 14:41:57 +0100
From: yoneun at gmail.com
To: jim at jhoare10.fsnet.co.uk; koreanstudies at koreanstudies.com
Subject: [KS] punishment of women in Choson

This might help you, though it’s notdirectly your subject: Kim, Nayeon. 2012. “Indoctrinating Female Virture: theSocial use of Chosŏn Woodblock Prints” (paper presented at Eighth WorldwideConsortium of Korean Studies Centers Workshop, July 4-7, 2012, Seoul, SouthKorea). Or at least the bibliography at the end can help.
Samgang Haengsildo (三綱行實圖, Illustrated Exemplars of the Three Bonds) was commissioned in1428 by King Sejong (1418-1450) for the purpose of ‘people education’ andwoodblock-printed in 1434 (Kim, Nayeon 2012: 225, 228, 232). The Three Bondsdescribe the three social structures, the three ethical obligations of loyaltyand servitude. The subject must serve the king, the son or daughter must servethe parent, and the wife must serve the husband. Thus formulated moral andsocial obligations show that women were traditionally included among thesubjects of virtue in East-Asia. But this is theory, and practice might bedifferent. Interesting question in this respect is whether children were consideredless responsible for crimes than their parents, as according to Three Bondssons and daughters are subjected to parents just as wives are subjected tohusbands. 
Victoria Ten
Leiden University

On Thu, Feb 5, 2015 at 9:52 AM, Jim Hoare <jim at jhoare10.fsnet.co.uk> wrote:

  From: Koreanstudies[mailto:koreanstudies-bounces at koreanstudies.com] On Behalf Of DeberniereTorrey
Sent: 04 February 2015 23:35
To:koreanstudies at koreanstudies.com
Subject: [KS] punishment of womenin Choson DearMembers:I'mtrying to track down an authoritative reference for a claim that I've comeacross in several scholarly sources (both English and Korean), none of whichgives a citation for this information: that the Choson state was more lenient toward women as criminals, since they wereconsidered subject to and therefore less responsible than men. Thestatement fits my understanding of Choson values and legislation, but I haveyet to find a specific reference. Deuchler's ConfucianTransformation briefly mentions cases of leniency toward yangban women, but goes no further. I'veread that the Ming code was somewhat lenient toward female criminals, placingthem in the custody of family members rather than in jail, and I understand theChoson criminal code was based on the Ming code. I've also checked Women and Confucianism in Choson byPettid and Kim, as well as the recent Wrongful Deaths by Sunjoo Kim, but haven'tfound specific reference to the above topic in these sources. Any help would beappreciated. Thankyou,DeberniereTorrey 

Dear Prof. Torrey,This is not a government thing and a different topic, yet we need to consider domestic violence and private punishment of women in the 19th century Korea.Even in the 1890s a zealous husband cut fingers and nose of her wife (poor ordinary family in Seoul), which was one of the most harsh punishments to the criminals, took two children from her, and abandoned her. I do not know if he was punished for his behavior. Best,Sung Deuk OakUCLA

From: sunjookim1 at hotmail.com
To: koreanstudies at koreanstudies.com
Date: Thu, 5 Feb 2015 13:40:33 -0500
Subject: Re: [KS] punishment of women in Choson

Dear DeberniereTorrey,
First of all, let me note that the book, Wrongful Deaths, is a coauthored book by Sun Joo Kim and Jungwon Kim.
Second, I disagree with the statement: "the Choson state was more lenient toward women as criminals, since they wereconsidered subject to and therefore less responsible than men."
The above-mentioned book discusses the topic--how women were differently treated depending on their social status and the kinds of crimes women committed . For example, if you see pages 16-17, authors explain that there were different procedures applying to examine women's dead body, quoting the Coroner's Guide for the Elimination of Grievances (MuwOllok) and other sources. In pages 23-24, authors point out, "the level of punishment differed in accordance with the offender's status: capital punishment was encoded for an adulteress of yangban status from the early sixteenth century onward, while an adulterous commoner woman in the late ChosOn was often enslaved..." again quoting various sources. You can see in this statement that women sometimes received harsher treatment.  If you continue to read this chapter and others involving female victims and criminals, you will find other relevant discussions addressing your question. If you don't have time to read the entire book carefully, index might be a good start.
Yours,
Sun Joo Kim

Date: Thu, 5 Feb 2015 14:41:57 +0100
From: yoneun at gmail.com
To: jim at jhoare10.fsnet.co.uk; koreanstudies at koreanstudies.com
Subject: [KS] punishment of women in Choson

This might help you, though it’s notdirectly your subject: Kim, Nayeon. 2012. “Indoctrinating Female Virture: theSocial use of Chosŏn Woodblock Prints” (paper presented at Eighth WorldwideConsortium of Korean Studies Centers Workshop, July 4-7, 2012, Seoul, SouthKorea). Or at least the bibliography at the end can help.
Samgang Haengsildo (三綱行實圖, Illustrated Exemplars of the Three Bonds) was commissioned in1428 by King Sejong (1418-1450) for the purpose of ‘people education’ andwoodblock-printed in 1434 (Kim, Nayeon 2012: 225, 228, 232). The Three Bondsdescribe the three social structures, the three ethical obligations of loyaltyand servitude. The subject must serve the king, the son or daughter must servethe parent, and the wife must serve the husband. Thus formulated moral andsocial obligations show that women were traditionally included among thesubjects of virtue in East-Asia. But this is theory, and practice might bedifferent. Interesting question in this respect is whether children were consideredless responsible for crimes than their parents, as according to Three Bondssons and daughters are subjected to parents just as wives are subjected tohusbands. 
Victoria Ten
Leiden University

On Thu, Feb 5, 2015 at 9:52 AM, Jim Hoare <jim at jhoare10.fsnet.co.uk> wrote:

  From: Koreanstudies[mailto:koreanstudies-bounces at koreanstudies.com] On Behalf Of DeberniereTorrey
Sent: 04 February 2015 23:35
To:koreanstudies at koreanstudies.com
Subject: [KS] punishment of womenin Choson DearMembers:I'mtrying to track down an authoritative reference for a claim that I've comeacross in several scholarly sources (both English and Korean), none of whichgives a citation for this information: that the Choson state was more lenient toward women as criminals, since they wereconsidered subject to and therefore less responsible than men. Thestatement fits my understanding of Choson values and legislation, but I haveyet to find a specific reference. Deuchler's ConfucianTransformation briefly mentions cases of leniency toward yangban women, but goes no further. I'veread that the Ming code was somewhat lenient toward female criminals, placingthem in the custody of family members rather than in jail, and I understand theChoson criminal code was based on the Ming code. I've also checked Women and Confucianism in Choson byPettid and Kim, as well as the recent Wrongful Deaths by Sunjoo Kim, but haven'tfound specific reference to the above topic in these sources. Any help would beappreciated. Thankyou,DeberniereTorrey 

  Dear Deberniere,
William Shaw's Legal Norms in a Confucian State has a section on "Women and the Law" (pp. 101-6). Also, 백옥경, "조선시대 여성폭력과 법: 경상도 지역 <검안>을 중심으로," 한국고전여성문학연구 19. She also explains women's punishment based on the Great Ming Code. 
As Sun Joo suggested in her email, I also do not agree with the statement you highlighted: "that the Choson state was more lenient toward women as criminals, since they were considered subject to and therefore less responsible than men." I don't know where you got this information, but I think this statement generalizes women's punishment in the Choson. Women's punishment depended more on what kind of crime women of different social statuses committed. For example, if a woman murdered her husband, she would receive harsher punishment than a man. It would be more helpful to think about in what context and what kind of punishment women committed in your research. You could then refer to the legal codes or court rulings to examine what punishment they received. 
Hope this helps!
Best,Jisoo
On Thu, Feb 5, 2015 at 1:47 PM, Clark W Sorensen <sangok at u.washington.edu> wrote:

Deberniere,

The University of Washington Press has issued a translation of the Ming Code (translated by Hang Yonglin) that might speed up your research.

Clark Sorensen

On Wed, 4 Feb 2015, DeberniereTorrey wrote:

Dear Members:
I'm trying to track down an authoritative reference for a claim that I've come across in several scholarly sources (both English and
Korean), none of which gives a citation for this information: that the Choson state was more lenient toward women as criminals, since
they were considered subject to and therefore less responsible than men. The statement fits my understanding of Choson values and
legislation, but I have yet to find a specific reference. Deuchler's Confucian Transformation briefly mentions cases of leniency toward
yangban women, but goes no further. I've read that the Ming code was somewhat lenient toward female criminals, placing them in the
custody of family members rather than in jail, and I understand the Choson criminal code was based on the Ming code. I've also checked
Women and Confucianism in Choson by Pettid and Kim, as well as the recent Wrongful Deaths by Sunjoo Kim, but haven't found specific
reference to the above topic in these sources. Any help would be appreciated. 
Thank you,
Deberniere Torrey

-- 
Jisoo M. Kim, Ph.D.Korea Foundation Assistant Professor of History, International Affairs,and East Asian Languages and LiteraturesThe George Washington University801 22nd St., NW, Suite 315Washington, DC 20052Tel: 202-994-6761
Fax: 202-994-6231E-mail: jsk10 at gwu.eduhttp://departments.columbian.gwu.edu/history/people/111Much thanks to Don Baker and Victoria Ten for their help. I'm tracking down those sources now.Deberniere Torrey. 

     On Thursday, February 5, 2015 10:00 AM, "koreanstudies-request at koreanstudies.com" <koreanstudies-request at koreanstudies.com> wrote:

 ----- Forwarded Message -----

Send Koreanstudies mailing list submissions to
    koreanstudies at koreanstudies.com

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    koreanstudies-request at koreanstudies.com

You can reach the person managing the list at
    koreanstudies-owner at koreanstudies.com

!!!!!!!!! When replying, please edit your Subject line so it is more
specific than "Re: Contents of Koreanstudies digest..." !!!!!!!!!

<<------------ KoreanStudies mailing list DIGEST ------------>>

Today's Topics:

  1. punishment of women in Choson (DeberniereTorrey)
  2.  punishment of women in Choson (Victoria Ten)
Dear Members:I'm trying to track down an authoritative reference for a claim that I've come across in several scholarly sources (both English and Korean), none of which gives a citation for this information: that the Choson state was more lenient toward women as criminals, since they were considered subject to and therefore less responsible than men. The statement fits my understanding of Choson values and legislation, but I have yet to find a specific reference. Deuchler's Confucian Transformation briefly mentions cases of leniency toward yangban women, but goes no further. I've read that the Ming code was somewhat lenient toward female criminals, placing them in the custody of family members rather than in jail, and I understand the Choson criminal code was based on the Ming code. I've also checked Women and Confucianism in Choson by Pettid and Kim, as well as the recent Wrongful Deaths by Sunjoo Kim, but haven't found specific reference to the above topic in these sources. Any help would be appreciated. Thank you,
Deberniere Torrey

This might help you, though it’s notdirectly your subject: Kim, Nayeon. 2012. “Indoctrinating Female Virture: theSocial use of Chosŏn Woodblock Prints” (paper presented at Eighth WorldwideConsortium of Korean Studies Centers Workshop, July 4-7, 2012, Seoul, SouthKorea). Or at least the bibliography at the end can help.
Samgang Haengsildo (三綱行實圖, Illustrated Exemplars of the Three Bonds) was commissioned in1428 by King Sejong (1418-1450) for the purpose of ‘people education’ andwoodblock-printed in 1434 (Kim, Nayeon 2012: 225, 228, 232). The Three Bondsdescribe the three social structures, the three ethical obligations of loyaltyand servitude. The subject must serve the king, the son or daughter must servethe parent, and the wife must serve the husband. Thus formulated moral andsocial obligations show that women were traditionally included among thesubjects of virtue in East-Asia. But this is theory, and practice might bedifferent. Interesting question in this respect is whether children were consideredless responsible for crimes than their parents, as according to Three Bondssons and daughters are subjected to parents just as wives are subjected tohusbands. 
Victoria Ten
Leiden University

On Thu, Feb 5, 2015 at 9:52 AM, Jim Hoare <jim at jhoare10.fsnet.co.uk> wrote:

  From: Koreanstudies[mailto:koreanstudies-bounces at koreanstudies.com] On Behalf Of DeberniereTorrey
Sent: 04 February 2015 23:35
To:koreanstudies at koreanstudies.com
Subject: [KS] punishment of womenin Choson DearMembers:I'mtrying to track down an authoritative reference for a claim that I've comeacross in several scholarly sources (both English and Korean), none of whichgives a citation for this information: that the Choson state was more lenient toward women as criminals, since they wereconsidered subject to and therefore less responsible than men. Thestatement fits my understanding of Choson values and legislation, but I haveyet to find a specific reference. Deuchler's ConfucianTransformation briefly mentions cases of leniency toward yangban women, but goes no further. I'veread that the Ming code was somewhat lenient toward female criminals, placingthem in the custody of family members rather than in jail, and I understand theChoson criminal code was based on the Ming code. I've also checked Women and Confucianism in Choson byPettid and Kim, as well as the recent Wrongful Deaths by Sunjoo Kim, but haven'tfound specific reference to the above topic in these sources. Any help would beappreciated. Thankyou,DeberniereTorrey 

    <!--#yiv7971873332 .yiv7971873332hmmessage P{margin:0px;padding:0px;}#yiv7971873332 body.yiv7971873332hmmessage{font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri;}-->husband cut fingers and nose of her (his) wife (poor ordinary family in Seoul), which was one of the most harsh punishments to the criminals

This is very important because criminals and such victims of domestic violence thereafter would most likely be seen as lepers and would become social outcasts due to fears of contagion as well as discomfort at their disfigurement.

Also, the notion that women were treated more gently is, of course, part of Neo-Confucian ideology and helps rationalize it--which msy help explain why both are still with us today. 
And what about the expectation that a woman should take her own life if violated by a man outside of  her household or natal family? At least in this respect, I believe few serious observers would concur that women were treated less harshly than men.
jim thomas

From: sungoak at hotmail.com
To: koreanstudies at koreanstudies.com
Date: Thu, 5 Feb 2015 16:20:06 -0500
Subject: Re: [KS] punishment of women in Choson

Dear Prof. Torrey,This is not a government thing and a different topic, yet we need to consider domestic violence and private punishment of women in the 19th century Korea.Even in the 1890s a zealous husband cut fingers and nose of her wife (poor ordinary family in Seoul), which was one of the most harsh punishments to the criminals, took two children from her, and abandoned her. I do not know if he was punished for his behavior. Best,Sung Deuk OakUCLA

From: sunjookim1 at hotmail.com
To: koreanstudies at koreanstudies.com
Date: Thu, 5 Feb 2015 13:40:33 -0500
Subject: Re: [KS] punishment of women in Choson

Dear Deberniere Torrey,
First of all, let me note that the book, Wrongful Deaths, is a coauthored book by Sun Joo Kim and Jungwon Kim.
Second, I disagree with the statement: "the Choson state was more lenient toward women as criminals, since they were considered subject to and therefore less responsible than men."
The above-mentioned book discusses the topic--how women were differently treated depending on their social status and the kinds of crimes women committed . For example, if you see pages 16-17, authors explain that there were different procedures applying to examine women's dead body, quoting the Coroner's Guide for the Elimination of Grievances (MuwOllok) and other sources. In pages 23-24, authors point out, "the level of punishment differed in accordance with the offender's status: capital punishment was encoded for an adulteress of yangban status from the early sixteenth century onward, while an adulterous commoner woman in the late ChosOn was often enslaved..." again quoting various sources. You can see in this statement that women sometimes received harsher treatment.  If you continue to read this chapter and others involving female victims and criminals, you will find other relevant discussions addressing your question. If you don't have time to read the entire book carefully, index might be a good start.
Yours,
Sun Joo Kim

Date: Thu, 5 Feb 2015 14:41:57 +0100
From: yoneun at gmail.com
To: jim at jhoare10.fsnet.co.uk; koreanstudies at koreanstudies.com
Subject: [KS] punishment of women in Choson

This might help you, though it’s not directly your subject: Kim, Nayeon. 2012. “Indoctrinating Female Virture: the Social use of Chosŏn Woodblock Prints” (paper presented at Eighth Worldwide Consortium of Korean Studies Centers Workshop, July 4-7, 2012, Seoul, South Korea). Or at least the bibliography at the end can help.
Samgang Haengsildo (三綱行實圖, Illustrated Exemplars of the Three Bonds) was commissioned in 1428 by King Sejong (1418-1450) for the purpose of ‘people education’ and woodblock-printed in 1434 (Kim, Nayeon 2012: 225, 228, 232). The Three Bonds describe the three social structures, the three ethical obligations of loyalty and servitude. The subject must serve the king, the son or daughter must serve the parent, and the wife must serve the husband. Thus formulated moral and social obligations show that women were traditionally included among the subjects of virtue in East-Asia. But this is theory, and practice might be different. Interesting question in this respect is whether children were considered less responsible for crimes than their parents, as according to Three Bonds sons and daughters are subjected to parents just as wives are subjected to husbands. 
Victoria Ten
Leiden University

On Thu, Feb 5, 2015 at 9:52 AM, Jim Hoare <jim at jhoare10.fsnet.co.uk> wrote:

  From: Koreanstudies [mailto:koreanstudies-bounces at koreanstudies.com] On Behalf Of DeberniereTorrey
Sent: 04 February 2015 23:35
To: koreanstudies at koreanstudies.com
Subject: [KS] punishment of women in Choson Dear Members:I'm trying to track down an authoritative reference for a claim that I've come across in several scholarly sources (both English and Korean), none of which gives a citation for this information: that the Choson state was more lenient toward women as criminals, since they were considered subject to and therefore less responsible than men. The statement fits my understanding of Choson values and legislation, but I have yet to find a specific reference. Deuchler's Confucian Transformation briefly mentions cases of leniency toward yangban women, but goes no further. I've read that the Ming code was somewhat lenient toward female criminals, placing them in the custody of family members rather than in jail, and I understand the Choson criminal code was based on the Ming code. I've also checked Women and Confucianism in Choson by Pettid and Kim, as well as the recent Wrongful Deaths by Sunjoo Kim, but haven't found specific reference to the above topic in these sources. Any help would be appreciated. Thank you,Deberniere Torrey 

 Hendrick Hamel wrote in 1666

A woman, who kills her husband, is buried alongside a road on which a lotof people pass, in a way that only her head sticks out of the ground.Next to her they put a wooden saw, with which everybody who passes her,except the nobility, has to saw one time on her head, until she dies.

A man who kills his wife goes freely if he can proof that he had a goodreason for that, for instance adultery or having failed in her maritalduties. A man, who kills a female slave, has to pay to the owner of thefemale slave, three times the value. 

The beating of the buttocks takes place as follows: The condemned has tolower his pants and lie face down. Sometimes he has to lay face down on abench, at which he is tied. For moral reasons the women can keep up theirpants. These are wetted to feel the blows better. For the beating sticksare being used which are five feet long, round at the top and one handwide at the bottom and of a little finger's thickness. A hundred beatingsmean the death of the condemned. 

Doesn't look to me that women were treated more lenient. 

                 _   _
               (o) (o)
     oOOO----(_)----OOOo---
Henny (Lee Hae Kang)
-----------------------------
http://www.henny-savenije.pe.kr Portal to all my sites
http://www.hendrick-hamel.henny-savenije.pe.kr (inEnglish) Feel free to discover Korea with Hendrick Hamel (1653-1666)
http://www.hendrick-hamel.henny-savenije.pe.kr/indexk2.htmIn Korean 
http://www.hendrick-hamel.henny-savenije.pe.kr/Dutch InDutch
http://www.vos.henny-savenije.pe.kr Frits Vos Articleabout Witsen and Eibokken and his first Korean-Dutch dictionary
http://www.cartography.henny-savenije.pe.kr (in English) Koreathrough Western Cartographic eyes
http://www.hwasong.henny-savenije.pe.kr Hwasong thefortress in Suwon
http://www.oldKorea.henny-savenije.pe.kr Old Korea inpictures
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Call for Papers
Bridging the Gap: The Promise of Politics in a Polarized and Fragmented World
Dates: August 25 – 27, 2015Venue: Hotel Hyundai, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea

Deadline for Submitting Paper and Panel Proposals:March 31, 2015
Acceptance Notifications:Mid April 2015

On behalf of the Korean Political Science Association (KPSA), we are pleased to announce the call for papers for the 2015 World Congress for Korean Politics and Society. The World Congress is a biennial conference organized by the KPSA, and co-hosted by the Korea Foundation (KF), to discuss innovative and insightful ideas on Korean politics, society, and international relations. This year’s World Congress will be held from August 25 -27 in the historic city of Gyeongju, South Korea. Gyeongju is Korea’s ancient capital and often referred to as “museum without walls.”The main theme of the Congress is “Bridging the Gap: The Promise of Politics in a Polarized and Fragmented World.” Signs of polarization and fragmentation are rampant in today’s political and civic life, and pose serious obstacles to political stability, economic justice, and social integration. The Congress will bring together distinguished scholars and experienced professionals around the world to propose new insights that overcome challenges of polarization in Korea as well as in the international community. We welcome the submission of papers, full-panel, and roundtable proposals for the following subthemes including but not limited to:

   - Korean Politics and Society
   - North Korea and inter-Korean Relations
   - Comparative Politics: Developing Countries
   - Comparative Politics: Advanced Industrial Societies
   - Electoral and Legislative Politics
   - Political Organizations and Parties
   - Political Economy
   - Globalization and Local Responses
   - International Relations of East Asia
   - Conflicts and Conflict Resolution
   - Political Thoughts
   - Women and Politics
   - Political Methodology

To learn more about the conference and to submit your proposal(s), please visit the conference website at http://kwc.kpsa.or.kr. We will continue to accept proposals until Tuesday, March 31st. To ensure that your submission experience goes smoothly, please keep the following things in mind:

   - The first time you are on the site, you will need to create your own username and password by clicking “LOGIN” in the top-right corner of our website.
   - The “Proposal Submission” in the main menu will allow you to send a proposal directly to the panel organizer by filling in the submission form.
   - For the submission form, please fill out the following required fields:

   - The title of your presentation
   - Abstract (300-500 words) 
   - Your name, country, institutional affiliation and email address

► Papers for presentation can be written either in English or Korean. Please indicate whether you prefer to participate in a panel in English or in Korean.► Accommodation: The KPSA and KF will offer up to three nights of accommodation for all participants from abroad in a conference hotel.► Travel Grant: A limited number of travel grants will be available and the travel grant recipients will be selected by the KPSA. You can apply for a travel grant by submitting an online application form in the proposal submission system.► Contact: If you have any further inquiries, please do not hesitate to email us at koreanpolitics2015 at gmail.com and we will respond back to you as soon as possible.

Please distribute this call for papers to others within your academic community. We are very excited for the 2015 World Congress in Gyeongju, and looking forward to seeing you in Korea!

Warm regards,
The Organizing Committee of the World Congress 2015Tel: +82-2-961-9465, 0696Website: http://kwc.kpsa.or.kr

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